2. 外语
  3. The benefit of computers is that it’s easier to copy and manipulate information. Corporations are using two kinds of imposed mon

The benefit of computers is that it’s easier to copy and manipulate information. Corporations are using two kinds of imposed mon

admin2011-02-09  78
问题     The benefit of computers is that it’s easier to copy and manipulate information. Corporations are using two kinds of imposed monopolies to deny you this benefit.
    Software patents restrict how you use your computer. They restrict developing software. A big program combines dozens or hundreds of ideas. When each idea can be patented, only IBMs and Microsofts can safely write software. Bye-bye to any independent local software industry. Software patents must be rejected. //
    Copyrights restrict using and sharing information—exactly what your computer is for. It was fine to trade away the freedom to copy when only publishers could copy; the public lost nothing. Today peer-to-peer sharing must be legal. WSIS should not teach people that sharing is wrong. Copyrights block access to scientific publications. Every university should be free to make an open-access mirror for any journal, so no one is excluded from access. //
    Then there’s the economic effect. When companies have power over you, they bleed you dry. Copyrights and software patents increase the digital divide and concentrate wealth. We have too much scarcity in the world; let’s not create more. TRIPS is restrictive enough, but software patents and the WIPO copyright treaty go beyond TRIPS, and WSIS should reject them. //
    Computer users need software that respects their freedom. We call it "free software", meaning freedom, not gratis. You have the freedom to run it, study it, change it, and redistribute it. Free software means you control your computing. With non-free software, the software owners control it. They put in spy features, back doors, restrictions. //
    With free software, you can make the program do what you want. "You" could mean an individual programmer, a company, or a group of users with similar needs. Non-programmers can convince or pay programmers to make changes for you. With free software, you’re free to make it handle your language. Free to adapt it for your disability. Software owners deliberately make programs incompatible. With free software, users can make it follow standards. //
    You need free software to train master programmers. Non-free software is a secret, so nobody can learn from it. Free software gives talented young people in Africa the chance to learn how to work on real software. School should also teach students the spirit of cooperation. All schools should use free software. //
    Free software is necessary for sustainable development. If everyone in your country uses a program that’s secret and controlled by a single company, that’s not development, that’s electronic colonization. //
    (Excerpts from the speech by Richard Stallman at WSIS)
选项
答案 电脑的好处在于它使复制和利用信息变得更加容易。商业公司则通过两种强行的垄断方式来阻止你获得这种好处。 软件专利限制你使用电脑的方式。它限制软件开发。一个大型程序集合了数十个甚至是数百个想法，如果每个想法都可以获得专利，那么只有IBM和微软这样的公司才能合法地设计软件。我们只能对那些独立的地方软件开发业说再见了。所以软件专利制度必须受到抵制。// 版权限制信息的使用和共享——而这正是你电脑的用途所在。过去，在只有出版商能够复制信息的时候，出售个人复制信息的自由是无所谓的事情，公众并不会因此而失去任何东西 而如今，人们之间平等的信息共享必须受到法律保护，世界信息社会峰会不应误导公众认为共享信息是错误的。版权还阻止人们获得学术出版物，每一所大学都应不受限地为所有期刊做一份可供自由查阅的备份，以供所有人查阅// 接下来的就是经济利益。当商业公司的权力在你之上时，他们就会把你榨干。版权和软件专利扩大教字鸿沟，聚敛财富。我们这个世界已经有很多稀缺资源了，请不要再人为地创造更多的稀缺了!《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》已足具限制性，但是软件专利和世界知识产权组织版权协定的限制范围则比其更广。世界信息社会峰会应对它们予以抵制。// 电脑用户需要能够尊重他们自由的软件。我们称之为“自由软件”，意指自由，但并非免费。你可以自由地使用它，研究它，修改它，并且对其进行重新分发。自由软件意味着你可以控制你电脑的运行。若使用非自由软件，则由软件厂商控制你电脑的运行。他们在软件中放入监控程序、后门程序和各种限制。// 使用自由软件，你可以让程序按照你的想法运行。“你”，可以是一个程序员，一个公司，或者一群有相似需求的用户。本身不是程序员的用户可以请求或者付费给程序员让其为你修改软件。使用自由软件，你可以自由地让软件运行你的语言，或者使之适应你原有的不足。软件生产商故意生产不能兼容的软件。而使用自由软件，用户可以使之遵从标准。// 你需要自由软件来培训高级程序员。非自由软件的内容是保密的，所以没人能从中学到东西。自由软件使有才能的年轻人即使身在非洲也能有机会学习如何运行真正的软件技术。学校应该教育学生具有合作精神。所有的学校都应该使用自由软件。// 自由软件对于实现可持续发展是必要的。如果你所在的国家，每个人都使用那些设置了密码、受个别公司控制的软件，那不是发展，那是电子殖民化!// (节选自理查德?斯托曼在世界信息社会峰会上的演讲)
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