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  3. It would do a great deal of good if we started using the term "advisers" instead of "teachers" for those who try to help people

It would do a great deal of good if we started using the term "advisers" instead of "teachers" for those who try to help people

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问题     It would do a great deal of good if we started using the term "advisers" instead of "teachers" for those who try to help people to learn foreign languages. It would emphasize that what learners need is individual attention. It would also remind everyone that the responsibility for learning is basically the student’s. What the students needs is somebody who can do two things: (1) show her or him how to learn a foreign language; (2) answer questions about the language. Those questions must be thought of by the students. (46)If students do not find questions to ask—whole streams of questions—it is a sign that either they are not really interested enough to do the thinking for themselves that is crucial, or they do not know how to.
    The spirit that language learns need before anything else is curiosity. If they do not have that, they are wasting their time. (47)This means, in turn, that their guides do not need training in linguistic or educational theory, or in pedagogy, or in any techniques of stimulating interest, keeping students entertained. If students need to have their interest stimulated, something is very wrong. (48)One of the main reason for the emphasis on the skills of Leaching is doubtless that teachers are faced with the ridiculous task of finding things to do with groups of students who it is pretended all need exactly the same instruction.
    What a language guide does need, though, is a thorough and practical knowledge of hoe the language works, a conscious knowledge that she or he can articulate in a way the ordinary native speaker cannot. (49)Students should be able to sense that their guides have a genuine interest in the language, and that they have found out about it by thinking for themselves, not by mere uncritical memorizing of text books or lectures.It is only through such critical awareness and interest the guides can develop the ability to explain any given aspect of the language in varied ways so as to suit the particular needs and modes of thought of any individual student.
    One of the most misguided principles of modern pedagogy is the "Structures lessons". This is just what should be avoided, even in classes as well as private lessons. A good language guide is completely flexible, and can respond instantaneously at any moment to any need of the students that arises. Those with this capacity never need—never should—spend long hours planning and preparing lessons; but the corollary is that guides need to really "know their stuff". (50)The best place to develop the sort of the ability I have just outlined is "on the job", through an apprenticeship with experienced, sympathetic and encouraging colleagues, in good conditions of work.

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答案人们看重教学技巧的主要原因之一无疑是要求老师们找些事来让一群学生做，在他们看来，所有的学生都需要完全相同的训练，这有点荒唐。
解析 本句的主干是"the main reason is that..."。that引导的是表语从句，表语从句的主干是"teachers are faced with the ridiculous task"；who引导的主语从句修饰student，it is pretended是插入语，这里可理解为it is pretended that all the students need exactly the same instruction。这句话，如果按原文句序直译，则显得非常拗口，因此可采用"词序调整法"和"拆译法"，同时，还适当使用了"增译法"，使表达更明晰。首先，将emphasis转译为动词，并增译了主语"人们"，其次将被动语态转化为主动语态，符合汉语的表达，"ridiculous"，—词，并结合对文章的理解把"it is pretended"意译为"在他们看来"，使译文表达更通畅且忠实于句子要传达的意思。
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