首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective res
admin
2019-06-11
31
问题
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’ s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’ s discovery claim into the community’ s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought." But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’ s reasoning and each other’ s conceptions of reason."
Albert Szent-Gyoergyi would most likely agree that
选项
A、scientific claims will survive challenges.
B、discoveries today inspire future research.
C、efforts to make discoveries are justified.
D、scientific work calls for a critical mind.
答案
D
解析
推断题。根据题干关键词定位在文章第四段。第七句指出…discovery as“seeing what ev erybody has been and thinking what nobody has thought”,此句引用Arbert的观点指出科学研究发 现需要看到“每个人看到的,想到别人没想到的”,由此可知,他认为科学研究发现需要有观察、 思考能力,因此D项“科学研究需要评判思维”为正确答案。A项“科学声明将经受住挑战”、B项 “今天的发现引发未来的研究”都是对原文的曲解。C项“做出科学发现的努力是合理的”与段落 关联不大.故排除。
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/yE9Z777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
RunningfortheofficeofthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesisexceptionallyarduousandshouldnotbeundertakenbythe【C1】___
RunningfortheofficeofthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesisexceptionallyarduousandshouldnotbeundertakenbythe【C1】___
CigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction.Itwa
Speakingtwolanguagesratherthanjustonehasobviouspracticalbenefits.Inrecentyears,scientistshavebeguntoshowthat
CigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStates.Itwas50yearsagothismonththatAmerica’
Astheinternetandsocialmediabecomeincreasinglyembeddedinhowweconnectwithandunderstandtheworldaroundus,sodoes
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamassbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Wearewitnessingdiminishingfaithininstitutionsofallkinds.Peopledon’ttrustthegovernment.Theydon’ttrustbanksand
随机试题
抽象
中国共产党对官僚资本和民族资本分别采取的政策是
Weknowthatwhenitcomestolookingforanewjoborstartingyourcareer,writingaresumecanbeaprettyhardtask.That’s
在行政许可的申请程序中,行政机关的下列做法正确的是:()
长期投资是指投资期在半年以上的投资。()
以下各项会计处理方法中,体现谨慎性原则的是()。
下列案件中,公安机关应当将案件材料和有关证据移交有管辖权的人民法院,并告知当事人有权向人民法院起诉的有:
诗歌的面貌并不完全取决于作者人品的高下,而是与作者的学力素养、心灵的敏感程度有更为直接的关系。换句话说,_______。典型的例子就是晋代的潘岳,他虽然有“拜路尘”的卑劣行径,但其《闲居赋》一文却展现了一份清雅独绝的隐逸情怀。填入画横线部分最恰当的一项是:
设,其中f,g,φ在其定义域内均可微,求
WillaCatherwrotebecauseshefoundwriting______.Whenshesaid"Ittakesholdofyon.oritleavesyouperfectlycold"Will
最新回复
(
0
)