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  3. Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, Br

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, Br

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问题     Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.【B16】________
    American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 【B17】________________
    In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 【B18】________
    Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 【B19】________________
    Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 【B20】________
    Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
    A ) Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
    B ) In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
    C ) He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
    D ) They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.
    E ) Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
    F ) Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
    G ) For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
【B17】
选项
答案E
解析 本填空出现在第二段的段尾处，也是需要首先定位本填空之前的原文和句子的主旨信息。第二段段首就提示出现了新的理论和新的代表人物：Lewis Henry Morgan和another theory of cultural evolution(文化进化的另一理论)；同时，本填空之前的句子也是在更为具体地阐述这个理论的详细内容：In his work，he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies，即“文化的各个层面是与社会的进化同步变革的”。因此，我们定位出本填空之前的原文信息主旨是在阐述“文化的进化与变革”，即将进化、变革具体到文化的层面上。把握了这些主线线索后，我们去后面的待选项中查找哪个选项中的主旨信息与之最为相近和匹配。很明显我们发现了选项E)，我们在这个选项中发现了大量的复现结构和词汇，即这个选项的主旨信息也是在阐述“文化的多个层面是与社会进化同步变革的”，因此选项E)为本题答案。
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