首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"New Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reint
"New Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reint
admin
2012-01-14
76
问题
"New Women of the Ice Age"
The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinterpretation of the Paleolithic past centers on new views of the role of women in the food-foraging economy. Amassing critical and previously overlooked evidence from
and the neighboring site of Pavlov, researchers Olga Softer, James Adovasio, and David Hyland now propose that human survival there had little to do with men hurling spears at big game animals. Instead, observes Softer, one of the world’s leading authorities on Ice Age hunters and gatherers and an archeologist at the University of lllinois in Champaign-Urbana,
it
depended largely on women, plants, and a technique of hunting previously invisible in the archeological evidence—net hunting. "This is not the image we’ve always had of Upper Paleolithic macho guys out killing animals up close and personal," Softer explains. "Net hunting is communal, and it involves the labor of children and women. And this has lots of implications."
→ Many of these
implications
make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions about the focus of previous studies. European archeologists have long concentrated on analyzing broken stone tools and butchered big-game bones, the most plentiful and best preserved relics of the Upper Paleolithic era (which stretched from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago). From these analyses, researchers have developed theories about how these societies once hunted and gathered food. Most researchers ruled out the possibility of women hunters for biological reasons. Adult females, they reasoned, had to devote themselves to breast-feeding and tending infants. "Human babies have always been immature and dependent," says Softer. "If women are the people who are always involved with biological reproduction and the rearing of the young, then that is going to
constrain
their behavior. They have to provision that child. For fathers, provisioning is optional."
→ To test theories about Upper Paleolithic life, researchers looked to ethnography, the scientific description of modern and historical cultural groups. While the lives of modern hunters do not exactly duplicate those of ancient hunters, they supply valuable clues to universal human behavior.
In many historical societies, Soffer observes, women played a key part in net hunting, since the technique did not call for brute strength nor did it place young mothers in physical peril.
Among Australian aborigines, for example. Women as well as men knotted the mesh, laboring for as much as two or three years on a fine net. Among Native American groups, they helped lay out their handiwork on poles across a valley floor. Then the entire camp joined forces as beaters. Fanning out across the valley, men, women, and children alike shouted and screamed, flushing out game and driving it in the direction of the net. "Everybody and their mother could participate," says Soffer. "Some people were beating, others were screaming or holding the net. And once you got the net on these animals, they were immobilized. You didn’t need brute force. You could club them, hit them any old way."
→ People seldom returned home empty-handed. Researchers living among the net hunting Mbuti in the forests of the Congo report that they capture game every time they lay out their woven traps, scooping up 50 percent of the animals encountered. "Nets are a far more valued item in their panoply of food-producing things than bows and arrows are," says Adovasio. So lethal are these traps that the Mbuti generally rack up more meat than they can consume, trading the surplus with neighbors. Other net hunters traditionally smoked or dried their catch and stored it for leaner times.
→ A Softer doubts that the inhabitants of
and Pavlov were the only net makers in Ice Age Europe. B Camps stretching from Germany to Russia are littered with a notable abundance of small-game bones, from hares to birds like ptarmigan. And at least some of their inhabitants whittled bone tools that look much like the awls and net spacers favored by historical net makers.C
Although the full range of their activities is unlikely ever to be known for certain, there is good reason to believe that Ice Age women played a host of powerful
roles
. D And the research that suggests those roles is rapidly changing our mental images of the past. For Softer and others, these are exciting times.
According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about hunting in the Congo?
选项
A、The Mbuti value their nets almost as much as their bows and arrows.
B、Trade with other tribes is limited because all food must be stored.
C、Net hunters are successful in capturing half of their prey.
D、Vegetables are the staple part of the diet for the Mbuti people.
答案
C
解析
"... Mbuti in the forests of the Congo report that they capture game every time they lay out their woven traps, scooping up 50 percent of the animals encountered." Choice A is not correct because nets are valued more than bows and arrows. Choice B is not correct because they trade the surplus meat with neighbors~ Choice D is not correct because vegetables are not mentioned.
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/oCyO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
ClassifythefollowinginformationasreferringtoAadoptedthewritingsystemfromanothercountryBusedorganicmaterialst
ThePearlA.Thepearlhasalwayshadaspecialstatusintherichandpowerfulallthroughthehistory.Forinstance,women
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EngineeringforsustainabledevelopmentTheGreenhou
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.EngineeringforsustainabledevelopmentTheGreenhou
poverty本题有关现时宿命主义者的生活态度。录音原文的religionorsocietyitself是题目中religiousbeliefs,socialconditions的同义替换。
(Rarelyhas)atechnologicaldevelopment(had)asgreatan(impacton)societyastherapid(grow)ofelectronics.
A、Picturesoftriangles.B、Calculationsusingsquarenumbers.C、Measurementsofangles.D、Greeksymbols.BWhatwasontheMesopo
TemperatureThreescalesoftemperature,eachofwhichpermitsaprecisemeasurement,areinconcurrentuse:theFahrenheit,
随机试题
患者,女性,25岁。右足癣并感染1周,2天前开始出现右小腿有片状红疹,颜色鲜红,中间较淡,边缘清楚,右腹股沟淋巴结肿大。该病诊断为
以下具有收敛作用的是
(2004年)王某擅自使用机动渔船渡客。渔船行驶过程中,被某港航监督站的执法人员发现,当场对王某作出罚款50元的行政处罚,并立即收缴了该罚款。关于缴纳罚款,下列哪一做法是正确的?
预测某发声源在20m处预测点的等效声级贡献值为70dB,而该预测点的背景值为70dB,则该处的预测等效声级为()。
城市供电工程总体规划的主要内容包括()。
我国黑龙江北部1月份平均气温在-30℃以下,漠河的最低气温曾达到过-52.3℃,因此只能使用酒精温度计而不能使用水银温度计,是因为()。
(中央财经大学2011年复试真题)税收效率的含义包括()。
产生100以内(不含100)2位随机整数的VisualBasic表达式是
谁能否认海的伟大呢?我爱海,并不仅仅因为她的颜色美丽和藏在海底那许多有趣的玩意儿,而是爱她的胸襟广阔,化污秽为清洁。
A.attemptB.chargedC.crucialD.delicateE.essentiallyF.eventuallyG.expendedH.fractionI.individualJ.maintain
最新回复
(
0
)