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  3. "Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we respond to stress. But psychologists at the University of

"Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we respond to stress. But psychologists at the University of

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问题     "Fight-or-flight" behavior has long been considered the typical way we respond to stress. But psychologists at the University of California, Los Angeles say that women have more in their stress-response arsenal than just aggression or escape.
    According to research led by Dr. Shelley E. Taylor and Dr. Laura C. Klein(now at Pennsylvania State University), females under "attack" are less likely to fight or flee and more apt to attempt to protect their children and seek help from others, particularly other females. The researchers call this pattern of behavior "tend-and-befriend," and they suggest an evolutionary explanation for the difference.
    The UCLA scientists analyzed hundreds of biological and behavioral studies of both animals and humans. For example, they looked at research showing that crowding heightens stress among male rats but tends to calm female rats. One study found that fathers often wanted to be left alone when they got home from work. And if they had been under stress during the day, they were more likely to incite conflict in the family. Women who held jobs outside the home, however, were more likely to cope with a tough day at work by concentrating on their children.
    The authors believe that hormones are one reason for the difference, especially sex hormones and the pituitary hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin, which induces relaxation and lowers anxiety, is produced at a high level in nursing mothers. It’s also released in response to stress by both males and females—but its effects are enhanced by female hormones and reduced by male hormones. In contrast, the fight-or-flight response activates the nervous system and causes the secretion of the stress hormones adrenaline and Cortisol. Both sexes release these hormones under stress, but men also release testosterone, which tends to increase hostility and aggression.
    Because female aggression is less closely linked to nervous system arousal, the authors suggest, it’s more easily moderated by learning and culture, although they don’t deny that women’s social networks can also produce stress and conflict. Nor are they saying that men cannot tend and befriend under stress—only that they do so less easily and less often.
    Taylor and her colleagues think the tend-and-befriend response has been ignored largely because researchers studying stress have concentrated until recently only on men. The UCLA scientists are now conducting studies on oxytocin and stress.
It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 and 2 that______.
选项 A、fight-or-flight has been believed to be the only way dealing with stress
B、women have more stress-response ways than aggression, e.g. getting away from it
C、women tend to seek comfort and help from their loved ones
D、experts’ explanation to women’s stress-response ways involves evolution
答案D
解析 属信息推断题。选项A犯了夸大其词的错误，文章第一段第一句中提到“对抗或逃避”是我们回应压力的典型方式，但不是唯一方式，故错误。选项B犯了偷梁换柱的错误，文章提到女性面对压力除了对抗或逃避外还有其他方式，而选项B的意思是除了对抗外，还有逃避(get awayfrom sth．)，故错误。选项C犯了曲解文意的错误，文章第二段第一句提到女人会向其他同性寻求帮助，而非向所爱的人寻求帮助，故错误。选项D可以通过第二段最后一句来判断，专家们建议从进化论的角度解释这一问题，故符合题意。
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