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  3. The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 1 — 5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 1 — 5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a

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问题 The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 1 — 5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—G and filling them into the numbered boxes. The first and the last paragraphs have been correctly placed for you.
[A]The researchers are not suggesting fraud, just that the way scientific publishing works makes it more likely that incorrect findings end up in print. They suggest that, as the marginal cost of publishing a lot more material is minimal on the internet, all research that meets a certain quality threshold should be published online. Preference might even be given to studies that show negative results.
[B]It seems likely that the danger of a winner’s curse does exist in scientific publishing. Yet it may also be that editors and referees are aware of this risk, and succeed in reducing it. Even if they do not, with a world filled with new science the prestigious journals provide an informed filter.
[C]The group’s more general argument is that scientific research is so difficult -the sample sizes must be big and the analysis rigorous-—that most research may end up being wrong. And the "hotter" the field, the greater the competition is and the more likely it is that published research in top journals could be wrong.
[D]In Public Library of Science(PloS)Medicine, an online journal, John Ioannidis, an epidemiologist at Ioannina School of Medicine, Greece, and his colleagues, suggest that most published scientific research is wrong. Now, along with Neal Young of the National Institutes of Health in Maryland and O-mar Al-Ubaydli, an economist at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, he suggests why.
[E]There also seems to be a bias towards publishing positive results. For instance, a study earlier this year found that among the studies submitted to America’s Food and Drug Administration about the effectiveness of antidepressants, almost all of those with positive results were published, whereas very few of those with negative results were. But negative results are potentially just as informative as positive results, if not as exciting.
[F]Dr Ioannidis based his earlier argument about incorrect research partly on a study of 49 papers in leading journals that had been cited by more than 1,000 other scientists. They were, in other words, well-regarded research. But he found that, within only a few years, almost a third of the papers had been refuted by other studies. For the idea of the winner’s curse to hold, papers published in less-well-known journals should be more reliable; but that has not yet been established.
[G]In Economic theory the winner’s curse refers to the idea that someone who places the winning bid in an auction may have paid too much. Consider, for example, bids to develop an oil field. Most of the offers are likely to cluster around the true value of the resource, so the highest bidder probably paid too much. The same thing may be happening in scientific publishing, according to a new analysis. With so many scientific papers chasing so few pages in the most prestigious journals, the winners could be the ones most likely to oversell themselves------to trumpet dramatic or important results that later turn out to be false.

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答案F
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