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  3. All over the world, your chances of success in school and life depend more on your family circumstances than on any other factor

All over the world, your chances of success in school and life depend more on your family circumstances than on any other factor

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问题     All over the world, your chances of success in school and life depend more on your family circumstances than on any other factor. By age three, kids with professional parents are already a full year ahead of their poorer peers. They know twice as many words and score 40 points higher on IQ tests. By age 10, the gap is three years. By then, some poor children have not mastered basic reading and math skills, and many never will; this is the age at which failure starts to become irreversible.
    A few school systems seem to have figured out how to erase these gaps. Finland ensures that every child completes basic education and meets a rigorous standard. One Finnish district official, asked about the number of children who don’t complete school in her city, replied, "I can tell you their names if you want." In the United States, KIPP charter schools enroll students from the poorest families and ensure that almost every one of them graduates high school—80 percent make it to college. Singapore narrowed its achievement gap among ethnic minorities from 17 percent to 5 percent over 20 years.
    These success stories offer lessons for the rest of us. First, get children into school early. High-quality pre-schooling does more for a child’s chances in school and life than any other educational intervention. One study, which began in the 1960s, tracked two groups of students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Some were given the opportunity to attend a high-quality pre-school; others were not. Thirty-five years later, the kids who went to pre-school earned more, had better jobs, and were less likely to have been in prison or divorced.
    Second, recognize that the average kid spends about half his waking hours up until the age of 18 outside of school—don’t ignore that time. KIPP students spend 60 percent more time in school than the average American students. They arrive earlier, leave later, attend more regularly, and even go to school every other Saturday. Similarly, in 1996, Chile extended its school day to add the equivalent of more than two more years of schooling.
    Third, pour lots of effort to train teachers. Studies in the United States have shown that kids with the most effective teachers learn three times as much as those with the least effective. Systems such as Singapore’s are choosy about recruiting; they invest in training and continuing education; they evaluate teachers regularly, and they award bonuses only to the top performers.
    Finally, recognize the value of individualized attention. In Finland, kids who start to struggle receive one-on-one support from their teachers. Roughly one in three Finnish students also gets extra help from a tutor each year. If we can learn the lesson of what works, we can build on it.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
选项 A、The importance of family economic conditions to kids’ success in study and life.
B、The achievement gap between children from wealthy families and poorer ones.
C、Some countries having achieved success in erasing the gap between children completely.
D、How to narrow the achievement gap between kids from different family backgrounds.
答案D
解析 主旨题。本文首先阐明不同家庭背景的孩子在学习和生活中所取得的成就存在着差异，并分析了产生这一现象的原因，然后列举了几个国家消除该差异的成功案例，最后从中总结出解决这一问题的四条经验，所以[D]“如何减小不同家庭背景的孩子的学业差异”正是本文所讨论的中心。[A]“家庭经济条件对孩子在学习和生活中取得成功的重要性”只是第一段所阐述的内容，故排除；[B]“来自于富有家庭和贫穷家庭的孩子所取得的成就差异”是本文第一段所讲述的现象，故排除；[C]“一些国家在完全消除差异这方面已取得成就”这一观点不完全正确，这些国家并未完全消除差异，只是弄清楚了如何消除差异，并取得了一些成绩和经验，故排除。
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