首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
How Psychology Can Help the Planet Stay Cool [A]"I’m not convinced it’s as bad as the experts make out... It’s everyone else’s f
How Psychology Can Help the Planet Stay Cool [A]"I’m not convinced it’s as bad as the experts make out... It’s everyone else’s f
admin
2019-09-01
43
问题
How Psychology Can Help the Planet Stay Cool
[A]"I’m not convinced it’s as bad as the experts make out... It’s everyone else’s fault.. Even if I turn off my air conditioner, it will make no difference." The list of reasons for not acting to combat global warming goes on and on. This month, American Psychological Association(APA)released a report highlighting these and other psychological barriers standing in the way of action. But don’t despair. The report also points to strategies that could be used to convince us to play our part. Sourced from psychological experiments, we review tricks that could be used by companies or organisations to encourage climate-friendly behaviour. In addition, psychologist Mark van Vugt of the Free University of Amsterdam describes the elements of human nature that push us to act unselfishly.
[B]As advertisers of consumer products well know, different groups of people may have quite distinct interests and motivations, and messages that seek to change behaviour need to be tailored to take these into account. "You have to target the marketing to a particular sector of the population," says Robert Gifford of the University of Victoria, another of the report’s authors. The wealthy young, for instance, tend to be diet conscious, and this could be used to steer them away from foods like cheeseburgers—one of the most climate-unfriendly meals around because of the energy it takes to raise cattle. So when trying to convince them to give up that carbon-intensive beef pie, better to stress health benefits than the global climate.
[C]Though conservative authorities have been known to attack such efforts, characterising them as mind control, experiments indicate that people are willing to be persuaded. "From participants in our experiments, we’ve never heard a negative feedback," says Wesley Schultz of California State University. In fact, according to John Petersen of Oberlin College, we are used to far worse. "Compared to the overwhelming number of advertising, it seems milder than anything I experience in my daily life," he says.
[D]Deep down, most of us want to fit in with the crowd, and psychologists are exploiting this urge to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour. Researchers led by Wesley Schultz at California State University and Jessica Nolan, now at the University of Scranton, have found that people will cut their electricity usage if told that their neighbours use less than they do. In one experiment, the researchers left information with households in San Marcos asking them to use fans rather than air conditioners at night, turn off lights and take shorter showers. Some messages simply stressed energy conservation, some talked about future generations, while others emphasised the financial savings. But it was the flyers(传单)that asked residents to join with their neighbours in saving energy that were most effective in cutting electricity consumption.
[E]In another study, the researchers told households what others in their neighbourhood used on average. High users cut their consumption in response, but low users increased theirs. The problem disappeared if the messages were reinforced with sad or smiling faces. The smiles received by the residents who were already saving energy provided sufficient encouragement for them to keep doing so.
[F]Most people seem to conserve energy if provided with real-time feedback on how much they are using. But feedback can be too immediate. For instance, Janet Swim has a General Motors car that shows her mileage(里程)per gallon each time she accelerates. It’s just not very useful, she argues, because it’s hard to place that momentary piece of feedback in the context of her overall driving behaviour and fuel efficiency. In contrast, the Toyota Prius display shows mileage per gallon over 5-minute intervals for the previous half-hour. With that contextual information, people can experiment with different driving styles to see how they affect mileage, and even compete with themselves to improve over time. The 2010 Honda Insight goes one better, flashing up an image of a prize to reward economical driving. The benefits of feedback are not restricted to car gadgets(小装置). Studies show that devices that display domestic energy usage produce savings of between 5 and 12 per cent.
[G]People have to be persuaded to act on climate change even though the benefit won’t be felt for decades. Research by David Hardisty and Elke Weber of Columbia University suggests ways to achieve this. Hardisty and Weber have found that people respond in exactly the same way to decisions involving future environmental gains and losses as they do when making financial decisions. This allows psychologists’ knowledge of how to control financial decision-making to be brought into play. For instance, schemes that give people a cash payment in advance for insulating(使隔热)their home will work better than those promising long-term savings, even if the people receiving cash end up paying a little more in the long run.
[H]And because we are generally more worried about future losses than we are impressed by future gains, messages are more effective if framed to warn people that they will lose $500 over 10 years if they don’t follow a particular course of action to limit climate change than if they are told they’ll be $500 better off if they do take action.
[I]As social animals, we like to interact with others and take inspiration from their actions. Psychologists are working out how to exploit this to spread behaviours that will help limit climate change. "My sense is that social networks are going to be important," says Swim. Allowing people to document successes in saving energy on their Facebook pages could drive change among their friends, and the Oberlin team is considering integrating this into its urban residence experiment. Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, think such opportunities presented by Facebook can be combined with our liking for animals. Inspired by the attachment that people can develop towards Tamagotchi virtual pets, the team is testing the compelling power of a "virtual polar bear" standing on a sheet of floating ice that grows bigger as people adopt environmentally friendly behaviours such as taking shorter showers. Initial results suggest the polar bear has pull.
It’s better to persuade the wealthy young out of carbon-intensive food by emphasizing health benefits.
选项
答案
B
解析
根据wealthy young及health benefits等信息可定位至B段。该段讲述对不同的人要用不同的说服方式,其中第3句以wealthy young“富有的年轻人”为例说明,他们对饮食的均衡更关注(tend to be diet conscious),这与本题所说的“强调健康的好处”意思一致,故确定B段为本题出处。
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/TaZ7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
TipsforThoseWhoTravelAloneA)Whenitcomestotraveling,sometimestakingajourneyalonecanbegreat.Travelingalon
Althougheachbabyhasanindividualscheduleofdevelopment,generalpatternsofgrowthhavebeenobservedThreeperiodsofdev
Newtechnologylinkstheworldasneverbefore.Ourplanethasshrunk.It’snowa"globalvillage"wherecountriesareonlyseco
A"memorypill"thatcouldaidexamrevisionandhelptopreventpeopleforgettingimportantanniversariesmaysoonbeavailable
AlthoughtheOlympicCharter,theofficialconstitutionoftheOlympicmovement,proclaimsthattheOlympicsarecontestsamong
A、Therelationshipbetweenbrainsizeandintelligenceisunquestionable.B、Peoplewithsmallbrainsmaybehighlyintelligenta
A、Restrictingthenumberofvisitors.B、Raisingmoneyforhisexpandingoperation.C、Accumulatingwealthforhimself.D、Raising
A、Protein.B、Calcium.C、Zinc.D、Vitamin.D短文提到,能量饮料的营养成分单子上包含了从维生素到人参等各种东西。D正确。
A、Decibels(分贝).B、Smallfractionspersound.C、Cyclespersound.D、Theforceofair.C信息明示题。短文中提到Thefrequencyofsoundwavesi
A、Becausehehasalotincommonwiththewoman.B、Becausehethinksthewomanisagoodplayer.C、Becausehisteamlacksgirlp
随机试题
妊娠4个月,终止妊娠最常用的方法是下列哪项
患者,女,46岁,以“双手、颜面水肿、变硬8个月”来诊。查体:手指及面部皮肤增厚,嘴唇变薄,张口受限。手指、手背肿胀,指尖发凉,关节活动受限。化验:血清RF轻度增高,ANA阳性,血、尿常规正常。下列各项检查对诊断有意义的是
A、意外露髓B、充填体脱落C、继发龋D、乳牙内吸收E、充填体过高制备洞形时,感染的软化牙本质未去净,预防性扩展不够,易导致
肝硬化的治疗主要是
一、背景某施工企业总承包年产100万t宽厚板轧制生产线的板坯加热炉车间和热轧制车间的土建施工,厂房钢结构制作、安装,车间内300t桥式起重机的安装,设备安装与调试,各能源介质管道施工等,在施工中,临时生活设施与电力设施互相妨碍,最终根据《电力法》
下列土地中,属于集体所有的是()。
下列不是关于ETF份额交易的是( )。
某企业的辅助生产车间主要为基本生产车间、行政管理部门供电,应采用的成本计算方法是()。
在名称为Forml的窗体上添加一个名称为Cl、标题为“改变颜色”的命令按钮,窗体标题为“改变窗体背景色”。编写程序,使得单击命令按钮时,将窗体的背景颜色改为红色(&HFF&)。运行程序后的窗体如图所示。要求:程序中不得使用变量,每个事件过程中只能
IlliteracyinAfricaIlliteracyinAfricaisatextremelyhighlevels./21nationshaveadultliteracyratesbelow50%/and
最新回复
(
0
)