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  3. In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast hi

In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast hi

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问题     In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.
    Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative: there are far more centres of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students.
    In addition one must recognise the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, which by widening the total area of advanced studies, has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.
    Frequently these specializations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centres of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. From these meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all schemes of co-operation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus.
    But as the specializations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there has been an opposite movement towards interdisciplinary studies. These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the in credibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world, and by recent advances in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between disciplines, and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.
Developments in international co-operation are often, it is suggested, the result of ______.
选项
答案friendships formed by scholars at meetings
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