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What is the price of anarchy? Technically, in transportation engineering, the price of anarchy describes the difference betw

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问题                                                                What is the price of anarchy?
    Technically, in transportation engineering, the price of anarchy describes the difference between what happens when every driver selfishly picks the fastest route and what the socially optimal traffic outcome would be. In the pre-mobile-app days, drivers’ selfishness was limited by their knowledge of the road network. In those conditions, both simulation and real-world experience showed that most people stuck to the freeways and arterial roads. Sure, there were always people who knew the crazy, back-road route, but the bulk of people just stuck to the routes that transportation planners had designated as the preferred way to get from A to B.
    But a new body of research at the University of California’s Institute of Transportation Studies suggests that the reality is far more complicated. In some scenarios, traffic-beating apps might work for an individual, but make congestion worse overall. And autonomous vehicles, touted as an answer to trafficy streets, could deepen the problem.
    "This problem has been vastly overlooked," Alexandre Bayen, the director of UC Berkeley’s Institute of Transportation Studies, told me. " It is just the beginning of something that is gonna be much worse. " "The situation then gets much worse because hundreds of people just like you want to go on the side streets, which were never designed to handle the traffic," Bayen says. "So, now, in addition to congesting the freeway, you’ve also congested the side streets and the intersections.
    While it’s clear that these apps can put stress on local side streets, we still don’t know what effect they may have on highways, or for traffic systems as a whole. "This is an open problem," said Bayen. "Hence, we need to be very cautious in our conclusions.
    They’re building on pioneering work by researchers like Hani Mahmassani into the role of real-time information in shaping traffic conditions. In 1991 , Mahmassani challenged what he took to be "possible misconceptions that information will automatically lead to improvements in traffic conditions. " He was not alone. That same year, other researchers noted that " information can cause drivers to change their departure times in such a way as to exacerbate congestion.
    Nonetheless, most of this early work showed that when the percentage of drivers with access to information was low, there was a major benefit for better-informed drivers. So, in the early days of Waze and Google Maps and automated routing at UPS, many individuals did experience substantial benefits from these applications.  The roads, as a whole, were probably also flowing better.
    Bayen does, in fact, have a suggestion for improving these apps, but the companies might not like it. He thinks the apps should spread out drivers on different routes intentionally, which would require collaboration among the mapping apps. Given the cutthroat nature of competition in Silicon Valley, that’s a tough sell, but it might help bring down the price of anarchy.  
What may fundamentally lead to the anarchy in transportation?
选项 A、All drivers drive under the guidance of the mobile apps.
B、All drivers choose their fastest and most convenient ways.
C、All drivers pick the freeways and arterial roads.
D、All drivers drive along the back road and country roads.
答案B
解析 细节题。根据题干关键词the anarchy in transportation可定位到前两段。还有单词fundamentally就只能看第二段!第二段中提到混乱的代价是没有一个司机选择对社会最优的方案，而是自私地选择对自己最快的路线所产生的后果。
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