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  3. Every day, employees make decisions about whether to act like givers or like takers. When they act like givers, they contribute

Every day, employees make decisions about whether to act like givers or like takers. When they act like givers, they contribute

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问题     Every day, employees make decisions about whether to act like givers or like takers. When they act like givers, they contribute to others without seeking anything in return. They might offer assistance, share knowledge, or make valuable introductions. When they act like takers, they try to get other people to serve their ends while carefully guarding their own expertise and time.
    Organizations have a strong interest in fostering giving behavior. A willingness to help others achieve their goals lies at the heart of effective collaboration, innovation, quality improvement, and service excellence. In workplaces where such behavior becomes the norm, the benefits multiply quickly.
    But even as leaders recognize the importance of generous behavior and call for more of it, workers receive mixed messages about the advisability of acting in the interests of others. As a matter of fact, various situations put employees against one another, encouraging them to undercut rather than support their colleagues’ efforts. Even without a dog-eat-dog scoring system, strict description of responsibilities and a focus on individual performance metrics can cause a "not my job" mentality to take hold.
    As employees look around their organizations for models of success, they encounter further reasons to be wary of generosity. A study by the Stanford professor Frank Flynn highlighted this problem. When he examined patterns of favor exchange among the engineers in one company, he found that the least-productive engineers were givers—workers who had done many more favors for others than they’d received. I made a similar discovery in a study of salespeople: The ones who generated the least revenue reported a particularly strong concern for helping others.
    This creates a challenge for managers. Can they promote generosity without cutting into productivity and undermining fairness? How can they avoid creating situations where already-generous people give away too much of their attention while selfish coworkers feel they have even more license to take? How, in short, can they protect good people from being treated like doormats?
    Part of the solution must involve targeting the takers in the organization—providing incentives for them to collaborate and informing them of the consequences of refusing reasonable requests. But even more important, my research suggests, is helping the givers act on their generous impulses more productively. The key is for employees to gain a more subtle understanding of what generosity is and is not. Givers are better positioned to succeed when they distinguish generosity from three other attributes-timidity, availability, and empathy—that tend to travel with it.
According to the author, givers are characterized by being ________.
选项 A、sharing
B、selfless
C、productive
D、collaborative
答案B
解析 该题考查givers“付出者”的特点。第一段第一句提到本题的关键词givers，指出公司员工每天都要作出充当付出者还是索取者的决定。随后第二三句用来说明什么是付出者。从第二句的without seeking anything in return可知，givers的特点是为他人着想，不考虑自己的利益，故答案选B项。由第一段第三句提到的share knowledge可知givers有乐于分享的特点，但是第三句用了三个并列动词来描述付出者的特点，而乐于分享只是其中一部分，不足以概括所有特点，A项的表述不完整。C项的productive一词在第四段第三句出现，但文中讲的是研究发现工作最无成效(least-productive)的是付出者，可见productive不是givers的特点。第二段第二句的collaboration一词有体现D项所说的“合作”，但说的是付出者乐于帮人的行为有助于有效合作，而非指付出者的特点。
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