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  3. What if architects could build living systems rather than static buildings — dynamic structures that modify their internal and e

What if architects could build living systems rather than static buildings — dynamic structures that modify their internal and e

admin2012-06-02  84
问题     What if architects could build living systems rather than static buildings — dynamic structures that modify their internal and external forms in response to changes in their environment? This provocative idea is making waves in the field of architecture. Houses, for example, might shrink in the winter to reduce surface area and volume, thus cutting heating costs. They could cover themselves to escape the heat of the summer sun or shake snow off the roof in winter. Skyscrapers could alter their aerodynamic profiles, swaying slightly to distribute increased loads during hurricanes.
    Such " responsive architecture" would depend on two sorts of technology: control systems capable of deciding what to do, and structural components able to change the building’s shape as required. Architects have been working to improve the control systems in buildings for many years, but shapeshifting technology is at a much earlier stage of development.
    One approach being pursued by researchers is to imitate nature. Many natural constructions, including spiders’ webs and cell membranes, are "tensegrity systems" — robust structures made up of many interconnected elements which can be manipulated to change shape without losing their structural integrity. "These structures can bend and twist, but no element in the structure bends and twists," says Robert Skelton of the Structural Systems and Control Laboratory at the University of California in San Diego. "It’s the architecture of life."
    While Dr Skelton is working on solving the engineering equations associated with tensegrity systems, Tristan d’ Estree Sterk at the Office for Robotic Architectural Media &. the Bureau for Responsive Architecture, an architectural practice based in Vancouver, Canada, has begun to construct prototypes of shape-changing "building envelopes" based on tensegrity structures. Lightweight skeletal frameworks, composed of rods and wires and controlled by pneumatic "muscles", serve as the walls of a building; adjusting their configuration to change the building’s shape. Mr. Sterk is also developing the "brain" needed to control such a building based on information from internal and external sensors.
    Cars are already capable of monitoring their own performance and acting with a certain degree of autonomy, from cruise-control systems to airbag sensors. Such responsive behaviour is considered normal for a car; architects argue that the same sort of ideas should be incorporated into buildings, too.
    And just as the performance of a car can be simulated in advance to choose the best design for a range of driving conditions, the same should be done for buildings, argues Gian Carlo Magnoli, an architect and the co-director of the Kinetic Design Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is devising blueprints for responsive houses. "We need to evolve designs for the best performing responsive-building models," he says.
    So will we end up with cities of skyscrapers that wave in the breeze? It sounds crazy. But, says Mr. Sterk, many ideas that were once considered crazy are now commonplace. "Electricity was a batty idea, but now it’s universal, " he says. "Dynamic, intelligent, adaptable buildings are the logical next step, " he claims.
Which technology is needed for such "responsive architecture"?
选项 A、The change of internal and external forms.
B、The alteration of aerodynamic profiles.
C、Control systems applied to manual controls.
D、Structural components capable of changing the building’s shape.
答案D
解析 事实细节题。由题干关键词technology将答案定位于第二段。冒号后介绍了两种技术：控制系统和结构构件。[D]“能改变建筑物形态的结构构件”为技术之一，故为答案。[A]“内外部形态的改变”是说明房子外表的变化。而非技术，故排除；[B]“空气动力形态的改变”是“有反应的建筑物”的功能，可以排除；[C]“适用于人工控制的控制系统”，文中只是提到control systems capable of deciding what to do，[C]与其不符，可以排除。
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