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  3. There has been much hand-wringing over the dangers of medical residents’ grueling schedules. Doctors-in-training often forgo sle

There has been much hand-wringing over the dangers of medical residents’ grueling schedules. Doctors-in-training often forgo sle

admin2013-01-28  2
问题     There has been much hand-wringing over the dangers of medical residents’ grueling schedules. Doctors-in-training often forgo sleep entirely, racking up as many as 30 work hours in a single stretch. The term resident is in fact no accident, says Dr. Teryl Nuckols, an internist and assistant professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, who says that when she was in training 10 years ago, 36-hour shifts without rest were common. "Residents used to live in the hospital," Nuckols says.
    The issue is whether their presence, dizzy with exhaustion, on the hospital floor is a help or a hazard. An oft cited 2004 study of intensive-care units found that medical residents made 36% more serious mistakes during 30-hour shifts than during shifts half as long. So the simple solution to ensuring patient safety and resident sanity—would appear to be reducing the length of their shifts, a plan endorsed by a lengthy Institute of Medicine (IOM) report in December 2008 that assessed the impact of resident fatigue and proposed a new set of guidelines restricting shifts to 16 continuous hours if no rest is granted , mandatory uninterrupted five-hour naps for longer work sessions, lighter workloads and more oversight from experienced physicians. The current standards set in 2003 mandate 80-hour average work-weeks, with no shift to exceed 30 hours.
    But many in the medical community, including residents themselves, worry that shorter shifts could come at the expense of educational opportunities and possibly even patient safety. And implementing the changes wouldn’t be cheap, potentially costing teaching hospitals $1.6 billion a year, according to a study co-authored by Nuckols.
    Instituting the measures could be a boon for society, however, potentially reducing the overall price of errors—e.g. , subsequent hospital visits, extra posttreatment care and lost wages—to almost negligible levels, but only if the new policies can decrease the rate of preventable errors at least 11.3% , according to the study. " Medical errors are expensive, and most of the costs of medical errors actually affect people after they leave the hospital," says Nuckols, who is also a health-services researcher for the Rand Corp. , the nonprofit health-research group that sponsored the study. " If the recommendations do succeed at reducing medical errors, there could be some cost offsets. "
    There is no guarantee, however, that limiting residents’ shifts is the key to patient safety. Dr. Kenneth Polonsky, who co-wrote an editorial accompanying Nuckols’ study in the New England Journal, says that while some studies show a correlation between fatigue and mistakes, not all reach the same conclusion. What’s more, Nuckols says, studies aimed at determining the cause of a mistake are inherently complicated: they require highly skilled researchers to pinpoint exactly what went wrong and when, and many rely on self-reporting from residents who, for obvious reasons, would sooner attribute a mistake to exhaustion than to other factors.  
Why are doctors-in-training called medical residents according to Dr. Nuckols?
选项 A、Because they are trained in their own residence.
B、Because they are internists who have to work on shift.
C、Because they work overtime and often sleep in the hospital.
D、Because they have to work longer hours during training.
答案C
解析 细节题。在第一段中Nuckols博士提到：那些正在接受培训的医生被称作residents不是偶然，因为他们经常睡在医院。她提到自己十年前作doctor—in-training的时候也经常不得不连续工作很长时间。故C符合题意，为正确选项。
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