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  3. Natural flavorings and fragrances are often costly and limited in supply. For example, the essential ingredient in a rose fragra

Natural flavorings and fragrances are often costly and limited in supply. For example, the essential ingredient in a rose fragra

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问题     Natural flavorings and fragrances are often costly and limited in supply. For example, the essential ingredient in a rose fragrance is extracted from natural rose oil at a cost of thousands of dollars a pound; an identical synthetic substance can be made for 1% of this cost. Since the early twentieth century, success in reproducing these substances has created a new industry that today produces hundreds of artificial flavors and fragrances.
    Some natural fragrances are easily synthesized; these include vanillin, the aromatic ingredient in vanilla, and benzaldehyde, the aromatic ingredient in wild cherries. Other fragrances, however, have dozens, even hundreds of components. Only recently has it been possible to separate and identify these ingredients, by the use of gas chromatography and spectroscopy. Once the chemical identity is known, it is often possible to synthesize them. Nevertheless, some complex substances, such as the aroma of fresh coffee, have still not been duplicated satisfactorily.
    Many of the chemical compounds making up these synthetics are identical to those found in nature, and are as harmless or harmful as the natural substances. New products must be tested for safety, and when used in food, must be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
    The availability of synthetic flavors and fragrances has made possible a large variety of products, from inexpensive beverages to perfumed soap to used cars with applied "new car odor".
Brad jokes that it was a bit rough having to listen to carols all day at first but admits that they’ve grown so accustomed to heard them now that any other music just wouldn’t feel right.
选项 A、have to; hear
B、had to; hearing
C、to; hearing
D、had to; hear
答案 C
解析
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