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  3. Even if almost nothing is known about the neuroanatomy of symboling, a great deal is known about the evolution of mind (or "mind

Even if almost nothing is known about the neuroanatomy of symboling, a great deal is known about the evolution of mind (or "mind

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问题     Even if almost nothing is known about the neuroanatomy of symboling, a great deal is known about the evolution of mind (or "minding," if mind is considered as a process rather than a thing), in which one finds symboling as the characteristic of a particular stage of development. The evolution of minding can be traced in the following sequence of stages. First is the simple reflexive stage, in which behaviour is determined by the intrinsic properties of both the organism and the thing reacted to—for example, the contraction of the pupil of the eye under increased stimulation by light. Second is the conditioned reflex stage, in which the response is elicited not
by properties intrinsic in the stimulus but by meanings that the stimulus has acquired for the responding organism through experience—for example, Pavlow’s dog’s salivary glands responding to the sound of a bell. Third is the instrumental stage, as exemplified by a chimpanzee knocking down a banana with a stick. Here the response is determined by the intrinsic properties of the things involved (banana stick, chimpanzee’s neurosensory-muscular system), but a new element has been introduced into behaviour, namely, the exercise of control by the reacting organism over things in the external world. And, finally, there is the symbol stage. In which the configuration of behaviour involves nonintrinsic meanings.
    The first two stages exhibit a characteristic of the evolution of all living things: a movement in the direction of making life more secure and enduring. In the first stage the organism distinguishes between the beneficial, the injurious, and the neutral, but it must come into direct contact with the object or event in question to do so. In the second stage the organism may react at a distance, as it were—that is, through an intermediate stimulus. The conditioned reflex brings signs into the life process; one thing or event may serve as an indication of something else—food, danger, and so forth. And, since anything can serve as a sign of anything else(a green triangle can mean food, sex, or an electric shock to the laboratory rat), the reactions of the organism are emancipated from the limitations that stage one imposes upon living things, namely, the intrinsic properties of things. The possibility of obtaining life-sustaining things and of avoiding life-destroying things is thus much enhanced, and the security and continuity of life are correspondingly increased.  
In the third stage of the evolution of the mind, ______.
选项 A、the reacting organism is still unable to exercise the control over the objects in the external world
B、the nonintrinsic meanings is sometimes involved for the organism to use the instrument’
C、the intrinsic properties of the instrument is not involved in the reaction of the organism
D、the ability of the organism to use the instrument shows that something that can’t be found in the previous two stages have been introduced
答案D
解析 见第一段的倒数第二句话。第三阶段中有机体可以控制外部世界的某些物体，这是它们行为中的一个新的部分。
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