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  3. Naturalism is the view that the "natural" universe, the universe of matter and energy, is all that there really is. By ruling ou

Naturalism is the view that the "natural" universe, the universe of matter and energy, is all that there really is. By ruling ou

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问题     Naturalism is the view that the "natural" universe, the universe of matter and energy, is all that there really is. By ruling out a spiritual part of the human person which might survive death and a God who might resurrect the body, naturalism also rules out survival after death. In addition, naturalism denies human freedom on the grounds that every event must be explainable by deterministic natural laws. It denies any absolute values because it can find no grounds for such values in a world made up only of matter and energy. And finally, naturalism denies that the universe has any meaning or purpose because there is no God to give it a meaning or purpose, and nothing else which can give it a meaning or purpose.
    Anyone who accepts the first three denials, of God, spiritual beings, and immortality, might be called a naturalist in the broad sense, and anyone who adds to these the denial of freedom, values, and purpose might be labeled a naturalist in the strict sense, or a strict naturalist. Some opponents of naturalism would argue that naturalists in the broad sense are at least somewhat inconsistent and that naturalism in the broad sense leads logically to strict naturalism. Many strict naturalists would agree with this.
    Those who reject naturalism in both the strict and broad sense do so for a variety of masons. They may have positive arguments for the existence of some of what naturalists deny, or they may have what seem to be decisive refutations of some or all of the arguments for naturalism. But, in addition to particular arguments against naturalist tenets or their grounds of belief, some opponents of naturalism believe that there is a general argument which holds against any form of naturalism. These opponents hold that naturalism has a "fatal flaw" or, to put it more strongly, that naturalism is self-destroying. If naturalism is true, then human reason must be the result of natural forces.
    These natural forces are not, on the naturalistic view, rational themselves, nor can they be the result of a rational cause. So human reason would be the result of nonrational causes. This, it can be argued, gives us a strong reason to distrust human reach, especially in its less practical and more theoretical exercises. But the theory of naturalism is itself such an exercise of theoretical reason. If naturalism is true, we would have strong reasons to distrust theoretical reasoning. If we distrust theoretical reasoning, we distrust particular applications of it, such as the theory of naturalism. Thus, if naturalism is true, we have strong reasons to distrust naturalism.
选项 A、human can do things with their free will.
B、deterministic natural laws can explain everything.
C、absolute values should be based on a more reasonable ground.
D、universe is dependent on subjective experience.
答案B
解析 本题问自然主义信奉什么。全文讨论自然主义的观点，首先要介绍自然主义的基本观点是什么。因此，自然主义的基本观点应该定位在首段。首段第三句"naturalism…denies…on the grounds that every event must be explainable by deterministic natural laws…"表明自然主义者认为所有的事件都必须能够由决定论的自然法则解释。故"决定论(即宿命论)的自然法则能够解释一切"正确。人类能根据自由意志行事：定位关键词"free will"。首段第三句"naturalism…denies human freedom on the grounds that every event must be explainable by deterministic natural laws…"表明自然主义否定人类自由。也就是说，他们认为自然法则是deterministic(决定论的，宿命论的)，所以人们不能随自己的意志自由做事。"free will"与"human freedom"同义。绝对价值应该建立在更为合理的基础之上：定位"absolute values"。从首段倒数第二句"It denies…absolute values because it can find no grounds for such values…"可知自然主义因为找不到绝对价值存在的基础所以否定它，也就是说自然主义认为绝对价值根本没有存在的基础，更谈不上其存在的合理性。宇宙是依赖于主观经验而存在的：定位选项题干关键词"subjective experience"。文中首段末句meaning和purpose即属于"subjective experience"，可以说题干是一种同义转述。因此选项定位到此处。"naturalism…denies that the universe has any meaning or purpose…"表明自然主义者认为宇宙没有意图和目的，也就是说宇宙是不依赖于主观经验而存在。
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