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  3. On the all-important question of power—the efficacy of power, the morality of power, the desirability of power—American and Euro

On the all-important question of power—the efficacy of power, the morality of power, the desirability of power—American and Euro

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问题     On the all-important question of power—the efficacy of power, the morality of power, the desirability of power—American and European perspectives are diverging.【F1】Europe is turning away from power, or to put it a little differently, it is moving beyond power into a self-contained world of laws and rules and transnational negotiation and cooperation. It is entering a post-historical paradise of peace and relative prosperity, the realization of Kant’s "Perpetual Peace."
    The United States, meanwhile, remains indulged in history, exercising power in the anarchic(无政府的)Hobbesian world where international laws and rules are unreliable and where true security and the defense and promotion of a liberal order still depend on the possession and use of military might.【F2】That is why on major strategic and international questions today, Americans are from Mars and Europeans are from Venus: They agree on little and understand one another less and less. And this state of affairs is not transitory—the product of one American election or one catastrophic event. The reasons for the transatlantic divide are deep, long in development, and likely to endure.【F3】When it comes to setting national priorities, deteirmining threats, defining challenges, and fashioning and implementing foreign and defense policies, the United States and Europe have parted ways.
    Europeans are more conscious of the growing differences, perhaps because they fear them more. European intellectuals are nearly unanimous in the conviction that Americans and Europeans no longer share a common "strategic culture." The European caricature at its most extreme depicts America’s warlike temperament the natural product of a violent society.【F4】But even those who do not make this crude link agree there are profound differences in the way the United States and Europe conduct foreign policy.
    The United States, they argue, resorts to force more quickly and, compared with Europe, is less patient with diplomacy. Americans generally see the world divided between good and evil, between friends and enemies, while Europeans see a more complex picture.【F5】When confronting real or potential adversaries, Americans generally favor policies of coercion rather than persuasion, emphasizing sanctions over inducements to better behavior, the stick over the carrot. Americans tend to seek finality in international affairs: They want problems solved, threats eliminated. And, of course, Americans increasingly tend toward unilateralism in international affairs. They are less inclined to act through international institutions such as the United Nations, less inclined to work cooperatively with other nations to pursue common goals, more skeptical about international law, and more willing to operate outside its strictures.
【F5】
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答案面对真正或潜在的对手时，美国人通常倾向于使用高压政策而非使用外交手段进行劝说，强调制裁甚于循循善诱，采用“大棒”政策多于“胡萝卜”政策。
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