首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begi
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begi
admin
2012-06-18
23
问题
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend’s face. Is Anie an extremely devoted companion? Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks.
Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve—or even save—human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are "hired" for specific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach animals toper form extraordinary tasks.
Throughout history, humans have relied on animals’ traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors," says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That’s because dogs have million of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.
For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs my be employed to sniff out illegal substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rubble of the collapsed building or highway.
Primates may not be good sinffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand—or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey monkeys have opposable thumbs—thumbs that face the hand’s other fingers—so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR.
And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior of whales.
So how do you get an animal employee to do its job? The answer, career-training Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.
Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement, rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drugs. "Dogs love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward," says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York.
After repeating this game of hide-and-seek many times, the dog begins to "associate the odor with a reward," says Berkowitz. When he gives the command, or stimulus, the dog seeks cot drugs (it’s like learning to study hard for a tests in order to get a good grade as a reward.)
At "Helping Hands—Monkey Helpers for the Disabled," capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.
Taking the monkeys in when they’re four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. "That’s when monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys," she says.
Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer dive. Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food, drinks. Directions: The passage below summarizes the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase, from the box blow, according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Allie is a capuchin【B1】______who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks. Allie is a(n)【B2】______of many animals who can be【B3】______to do certain jobs. Besides monkeys,【B4】______and sea lions can also give people a helping【B5】______.
Dogs are good at【B6】______down prey and sniffing out【B7】______and【B8】______because they have millions of【B9】______in their nose. Monkeys are good helper for the【B10】______, who cannot look after themselves. Sea lions can help scientists to record the【B11】______of whales because they can【B12】______to the deep ocean. In addition,【B13】______are part of whales’ natural environment, which makes the video more【B14】______.
But animals cannot do the jobs【B15】______training. The main process of training is called【B16】______, which uses【B17】______. During the training, trainers【B18】______an animal for doing something【B19】______. For mon-keys, the positive reinforcement can【B20】______a year before they are qualified for their jobs.
【B9】
选项
答案
D
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/ucnO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
实验室工作的惟一任务就是使学生养成初步的实验能力。要达到这一目的,最好的办法就是让学生在解决简单的实验问题中获得一些经验。
TheElNino("littleboy"inSpanish)thatpoundedtheglobebetweenthesummersof1997and1998wasinsomemeasurethemostd
Youknowyoushoulddoit,otherpeopledoitallthetime.Maybeyou’vealreadydoneitbutitwasn’tverysatisfying,andyou
Titled:TheNewRevelationsofNetEconomyTimelimit:40minutesWordlimite:abovezoowordsOutline:(1)网络经济被誉为新经济的
Someofthesebasketballteamswerecriticizedforpresentingdemeaningimagesofblackplayers.
Bothaperson’sheredityandhisenvironmenthelptoshapehischaracter.
Postaldeliveriesweredelayedbecauseofindustrialaction.Industrialactionresulted______.
Governmentisabasicmeansoforderinghumanrelations.【C1】______itscitizens,governmentgenerally【C2】______certainwell-organ
Governmentisabasicmeansoforderinghumanrelations.【C1】______itscitizens,governmentgenerally【C2】______certainwell-organ
LocatedinNewYorkCity,GreenwichVillagegainedareputationforbohemianismduetoitspopulaceofartistsandfreethinkers.
随机试题
Hehasreachedapoint______hedoesn’tworkformoney.
生产经营单位不得对从业人员行使相关的安全生产方面的权利进行打击报复,具体为()。
2016年3月20日,上海的甲公司与北京的乙公司签订了一份买卖合同,约定:甲公司向乙公司购买1000吨化工原料,总价款为200万元;乙公司在合同签订后1个月内交货,甲公司在验货后7日内付款。双方没有明确约定履行地点。合同签订后,甲公司以其办公用房作抵押向丙
对下列历史事件发生背景描述准确的是()。
体育方面的球类、体操、田径属于()。
盛唐山水诗_____,起于武后、中宗朝形成的文人竞作山水别墅诗之风,而上官婉儿写作的别墅诗则有山林开启之功。她对山水诗有特别的钟爱,每逢出游,婉儿总会______。她的山水诗在出游记胜时,描山写水,______自然,并且气魄不凡。依次填入画横线部分最恰当的
根据以下资料,回答下列问题。2017年全国举办马拉松赛事达1102场,其中,中国田径协会举办的A类赛事223场,B类赛事33场。2017年马拉松赛事的参与人次达到了498万人次,2016年、2015年马拉松赛事的参与人次分别
古埃及在科学方面的成就。
用高级程序设计语言编写的程序()。
•Readthearticlebelowaboutproductdifferentiationandthequestionsontheoppositepage.•Foreachquestion13-18,markon
最新回复
(
0
)