首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
THE CONCEPT OF ROLE THEORY Role set Any individual in any situation occupies a role in relation to other people. The particular
THE CONCEPT OF ROLE THEORY Role set Any individual in any situation occupies a role in relation to other people. The particular
admin
2014-05-25
54
问题
THE CONCEPT OF ROLE THEORY
Role set
Any individual in any situation occupies a role in relation to other people. The particular individual with whom one is concerned in the analysis of any situation is usually given the name of focal person. He has the focal role and can be regarded as sitting in the middle of a group of people, with whom he interacts in some way in that situation. This group of people is called his role set. For instance, in the family situation, an individual’s role set might be shown as in Figure 6.
Figure 6
The role set should include all those with whom the individual has more than trivial interactions.
Role definition
The definition of any individual’s role in any situation will be a combination of the role expectations that the members of the role set have of the focal role. These expectations are often occupationally defined, sometimes even legally so. The role definitions of lawyers and doctors are fairly clearly defined both in legal and in cultural terms. The role definitions of, say, a film star or bank manager, are also fairly clearly defined in cultural terms, too clearly perhaps.
Individuals often find it hard to escape from the role that cultural traditions have defined for them. Not only with doctors or lawyers is the required role behaviour so constrained that if you are in that role for long it eventually becomes part of you, part of your personality. Hence, there is some likelihood that all accountants will be alike or that all blondes are similar - they are forced that way by the expectations of their role.
It is often important that you make it clear what your particular role is at a given time. The means of doing this are called, rather obviously, role signs. The simplest of role signs is a uniform. The number of stripes on your arm or pips on your shoulder is a very precise role definition which allows you to do certain very prescribed things in certain situations. Imagine yourself questioning a stranger on a dark street at midnight without wearing the role signs of a policeman!
In social circumstances, dress has often been used as a role sign to indicate the nature and degree of formality of any gathering and occasionally the social status of people present. The current trend towards blurring these role signs in dress is probably democratic, but it also makes some people very insecure. Without role signs, who is to know who has what role?
Place is another role sign. Managers often behave very differently outside the office and in it, even to the same person. They use a change of location to indicate a change in role from, say, boss to friend. Indeed, if you wish to change your roles you must find some outward sign that you are doing so or you won’t be permitted to change - the subordinate will continue to hear you as his boss no matter how hard you try to be his friend. In very significant cases of role change, e.g. from a soldier in the ranks to officer, from bachelor to married man, the change of role has to have a very obvious sign, hence rituals. It is interesting to observe, for instance, some decline in the emphasis given to marriage rituals. This could be taken as an indication that there is no longer such a big change in role from single to married person, and therefore no need for a public change in sign.
In organisations, office signs and furniture are often used as role signs. These and other perquisites of status are often frowned upon, but they may serve a purpose as a kind of uniform in a democratic society; roles without signs often lead to confused or differing expectations of the role of the focal person.
Role ambiguity
Role ambiguity results when there is some uncertainty in the minds, either of the focal person or of the members of his role set, as to precisely what his role is at any given time. One of the crucial expectations that shape the role definition is that of the individual, the focal person himself. If his occupation of the role is unclear, or if it differs from that of the others in the role set, there will be a degree of role ambiguity. Is this bad? Not necessarily, for the ability to shape one’s own role is one of the freedoms that many people desire, but the ambiguity may lead to role stress which will be discussed later on. The virtue of job descriptions is that they lessen this role ambiguity. Unfortunately, job descriptions are seldom complete role definitions, except at the lower end of the scale. At middle and higher management levels, they are often a list of formal jobs and duties that say little about the more subtle and informal expectations of the role. The result is therefore to give the individual an uncomfortable feeling that there are things left unsaid, i.e. to heighten the sense of role ambiguity.
Looking at role ambiguity from the other side, from the point of view of the members of the role set, lack of clarity in the role of the focal person can cause insecurity, lack of confidence, irritation and even anger among members of his role set. One list of the roles of a manager identified the following: executive, planner, policy maker, expert, controller of rewards and punishments, counsellor, friend, teacher. If it is not clear, through role signs of one sort or another, which role is currently the operational one, the other party may not react in the appropriate way - we may, in fact, hear quite another message if the focal person speaks to us, for example, as a teacher and we hear her as an executive.
Questions 29-35
Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 29-35 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement reflects the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to know what the writer thinks about this
Today furniture operates as a role sign in the same way as dress has always done.
选项
答案
YES // Y
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/uFNO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Inthexy-plane,triangularregionRisboundedbythelinesx=0,y=0,and4x+3y=60.Whichofthefollowingpointsliei
CompareQuantityAandQuantityB,usingadditionalinformationcenteredabovethetwoquantitiesifsuchinformationisgiven,
ThefigureaboveshowstheprobabilitydistributionofacontinuousrandomvariableX.Foreachofthefiveintervalsshown,the
Eachofthefollowinglinearequationsdefinesyasafunctionofxforallintegersxfrom1to100.Forwhichofthefollowing
Inthefigureabove,ifthesquareinscribedinthecirclehasanareaof16,whatistheareaoftheshadedregion?
Theresultofthisbiochemicaltesthascausedanuproar,andeversinceitspublication,researchershavebeenfullofresponse
A、GovernmentcompensationprogramsforsurplusB、ClimatestudyC、SoilmanagementD、DripirrigationE、Changesinpatternsoffood
Itmaybedebatedwhetherindividualneuronsare"tuned"toreacttoonlyasingletastantsuchassaltorsugar--andtheref
Indescribingthewayaseafloordisturbancesuchasmovementalongafaultreshapestheseasurfaceintoatsunami,mode
EarlyattemptstoappreciatepopularmusicconcentratedalmostexclusivelyontheAmericanscene.Forexample,themusic
随机试题
协调国际经济关系的三大支柱不包括()
季氏将有事于颛(zhuān)臾
医师应依法履行的法定报告职责,除了医疗质量安全事件、药品不良反应、食源性疾病和涉嫌伤害事件或非正常死亡等,还有哪项
甲亢危象的临床表现不包括
某承包商通过投标承包了一大型建设工程的设计和施工任务,下列属于能够提出工程延期条件的是()。
______是按照一定的逻辑顺序排列的记录,它是从组织战略出发,在全面、客观的培训需求分析基础上做出的对培训时间、培训地点、培训者、培训对象、培训方式和培训内容等的预先系统设定。
毛泽东思想被确立为中国共产党的指导思想是在()。
以下相关文学常识说法正确的是()。
马克思主义是指引我们时代前进的旗帜,这是因为马克思主义
黑洞是现代广义相对论中,宇宙空间内存在的一种天体。黑洞的引力很大,使得视界内的逃逸速度大于光速。“黑洞是时空曲率大到光都无法从其事件视界逃脱的天体”。2019年4月10日,全球六地(比利时布鲁塞尔、智利圣地亚哥、中国上海和台北、日本东京和美国华盛顿)以英语
最新回复
(
0
)