2. 外语
  3. The history of the transmission of ancient Roman texts prior to invention of the printing press is reconstructed from evidence b

The history of the transmission of ancient Roman texts prior to invention of the printing press is reconstructed from evidence b

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问题 The history of the transmission of ancient Roman texts prior to invention of the printing press is reconstructed from evidence both internal and external to the text themselves. Internal evidence is used to reconstruct the relationship of the surviving manuscripts of a Roman text to one another, as represented in a modern stemma codicum: a diagram depicting the genealogical relationship of surviving manuscripts and those the stemma’s editor believes existed at one time. Stemmata are scholars’ only road maps to textual connections based on internal evidence, but they may paint a distorted picture of reality because they diagram the relationships of only those manuscripts known or inferred today. If surviving copies are few, the stemma perforce brings into proximity manuscripts that were widely separated in time and place of origin. Conversely, the stemma can also bestow a semblance of separation on manuscripts written within a few months of one another or even in the same room.
One type of external evidence that may shed light on the transmission of Roman texts is the availability of a work in the Middle Ages, when many classical texts were circulated. Too often, though, too much is inferred about a particular work’s circulation in the Middle Ages from the number of manuscripts surviving today. When a work survives in a single manuscripts copy, editors call the manuscript, rather glamorously, the “lone survivor”-- implying that all its (presumably rare) companions were destroyed sometime early in the Middle Ages by pillaging barbarians. It is equally possible that the work survived far into the Middle Ages in numerous copies in monastic libraries but went unnoticed due to lack of interest. The number of extant manuscripts, however few, really does not allow scholars to infer how many ancient Latin manuscripts of a work survived to the ninth, the twelfth, or even the fifteenth century.
Quotations from a Roman text by a medieval author are another category of external evidence. But does the appearance of a rare word or grammatical construction-- or even a short passage-- really indicate a medieval author’s firsthand knowledge of this or that ancient work, or does such usage instead derive from some intermediate source, such as a grammar book or a popular style manual? Medieval authors do quote extensively from ancient authors, while such quotations provide some evidence of the work’s medieval circulation, as well as define its evolving fortunes and the various uses to which it was put, they may be far less useful in reconstructing the text of an ancient work.
Much as scholars want to look for overall patterns and formulate useful generalizations, the transmission of each text is a different story and each manuscript’s history is unique. Scholars must be careful not to draw conclusions that go beyond what evidence can support.
In its discussion of external evidence, the passage suggests which of the following about manuscripts of ancient Roman texts during the Middle Ages?
选项 A、It is possible that fewer manuscripts were destroyed by barbarians in the early Middle Ages than scholars frequently suppose.
B、Additional copies of some so-called lone survivor manuscripts may have existed well into the Middle Ages.
C、If an ancient Roman text is quoted in a work by a medieval author, then it is likely that at least one manuscript copy of that text survived into the Middle Ages.
答案A，B，C
解析 A．It is possible that fewer manuscripts were destroyed by barbarians in the early Middle Ages than scholars frequently suppose．相比于学者们经常认为的那样，可能有更少的手稿在中世纪被野蛮人破坏了。
B．Additional copies of some so-called lone survivor manuscripts may have existed well into the Middle Ages．某些所谓孤本的额外副本可能一直到了中世纪还存在。
C．If all ancient Roman text is quoted in a work by a medieval author，then it is likely that at least one manuscript copy of that text survived into the Middle Ages．如果一位中世纪作家在作品中引用了一个古罗马文本，那么至少有一个文本的手稿副本幸存到了中世纪。
解析：A选项定位到第二段第四句。还会有很多手稿幸存于图书馆中，也就意味着被野蛮人破坏的数量比学者普遍认为的要少。A正确。B选项也定位到第二段第四句，一些孤本的副本是有可能流传到中世纪的。B正确。C选项定位到第三段第三句的while部分，承认作家的引用是作品在中世纪流传的证据。C正确。
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