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  3. Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious(爱交际的)of developing illnesses associated with chronic inflammati

Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious(爱交际的)of developing illnesses associated with chronic inflammati

admin2014-09-30  77
问题     Lonely people, it seems, are at greater risk than the gregarious(爱交际的)of developing illnesses associated with chronic inflammation(炎症), such as heart disease and certain cancers. A paper published last year in the Public Library of Science, Medicine shows the effect on mortality of loneliness is comparable with that of smoking and drinking after examining the results of 148 previous studies and controlled for factors such as age and pre-existing illness.
    Steven Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks he may know why this is so. He told the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS)meeting in Washington, D. C. , about his work studying the expression of genes in lonely people. Dr. Cole harvested samples of white blood cells from both lonely and gregarious people. He then analyzed the activity of their genes, as measured by the production of a substance called messenger RNA. This molecule carries instructions from the genes telling a cell which proteins to make. The level of messenger RNA from most genes was the same in both types of people. There were several dozen genes, however, that were less active in the lonely, and several dozen others that were more active. Moreover, both the less active and the more active gene types came from a small number of functional groups.
    Broadly speaking, the genes less active in the lonely were those involved in staving off(避开)viral infections. Those that were more active were involved in protecting against bacteria. Dr. Cole suspects this could help explain not only why the lonely are iller, but how, in evolutionary terms, this odd state of affairs has come about. For inflammation is an antibacterial response.
    The crucial bit of the puzzle is that viruses have to be caught from another infected individual and they are usually species-specific. Bacteria, in contrast, often just lurk in the environment, and may thrive on many hosts. The gregarious are therefore at greater risk than the lonely of catching viruses, and Dr. Cole thus suggests that past evolution has created a mechanism(the details of which remain unclear)which causes white cells to respond appropriately. Conversely, the lonely are better off ramping up their protection against bacterial infection, which is a bigger relative risk to them.
    What Dr. Cole seems to have revealed, then, is a mechanism by which the environment(in this case the social environment)reaches inside a person’s body and tweaks its genome so that it responds appropriately. It is not that the lonely and the gregarious are genetically different from each other. Rather, their genes are regulated differently, according to how sociable an individual is. Dr. Cole thinks this regulation is part of a wider mechanism that tunes individuals to the circumstances they find themselves in. Where it goes wrong is when loneliness becomes chronic, and the inflammatory response becomes chronic at the same time.
Dr. Cole made an analysis of the activity of the genes by______.
选项 A、the production of messenger RNA
B、instructing the production of certain proteins
C、the number of more active gene types
D、comparing less active genes with more active ones
答案A
解析 细节辨认题。由定位句可知，Cole博士从孤独的人和爱交际的人那里收集了白细胞样本，然后靠一种叫作信使RNA的物质的产量，估测分析了他们基因的活性，故答案为A)。B)“对生产某些蛋白质下达指令”，原文提到的是信使RNA携带着基因上的指令，这些指令告诉细胞生产哪些蛋白质，显然这是对信使RNA的介绍，并不是分析基因活性的方法，故排除；C)“活性较高的基因类型的数量”和D)“把活性较低和活性较高的基因进行比较”，原文均没有提及，故排除。
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