A、Mechanical operation of the body. B、Absence of disease or illness. C、Physical, mental and social well-being. D、Well-connected

Interviewer(W)        Richard Johnson(M)
Now, listen to Part One of the interview.
W: I am talking to Richard Johnson, an official of WHO, the World Health Organization. Today he will talk with us about the change of people’s understanding of health. Hello, Richard.
M: Hello.
W: Now, Richard, the concept of health has been changing all the time. And different people and groups hold different opinions towards it. Would you mind telling us the original concept of health?
M: Of course not. Health has long been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. In this sense,(1)health has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. Therefore, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness.
W: Then what was the emphasis of the work of the WHO during that period?
M:(2)Well, the emphasis was of course on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.
W: I see. When did the concept begin to change?
M:(3 - 1)In the late 1940s, the WHO challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that health was a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.(3 - 2)The mind, body and spirit of a person were seen holistically.
W: How long did this concept last?
M:(4)It lasted until the 1970s. At that time, people focused their attention on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle and behavior of the individuals. Specific behaviors which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behavior and lifestyles. W: It sounds reasonable. It must have been beneficial to people.
M: Unfortunately, not.
W: But why?
M:(5)You see, this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach did help the wealthy members of the society. But the majority were people experiencing poverty, unemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives. How could people afford the program if they lived under unfavorable social and environmental factors?
This is the end of Part One of the interview.
Questions 1 to 5 are based on what you have just heard.
1. According to Richard, what was the traditional idea of health?
2. Which of the following was among the focuses of the WHO before the 1940s?
3. When did the WHO define health in terms of the holistic operation of a person’s mind, body and spirit?
4. Which of the following was among the health trend in the 1970s?
5. What attitude does Richard hold toward individualistic lifestyles approach?