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  3. Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present

Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present

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问题     Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present.   Pragmatism calls【C1】________ideas and theories to be tested in practice, by【C2】________whether acting upon the idea or theory produces desirable or undesirable results.
    The ideas of the pragmatists were considered【C3】________when they first appeared. To some critics, pragmatism’s【C4】________to affirm any absolute standards carried negative implications for society. 【C5】________, pragmatists do not believe that a single absolute idea of goodness or justice exists, but【C6】________that these concepts are changeable and depend on the【C7】________in which they are being discussed. The【C8】________of these absolutes, critics feared, could result in a(n) 【C9】________in moral standards. The pragmatists’ denial of absolutes, 【C10】________challenged  the  foundations  of religion, government, and  schools  of thought. 【C11】________         pragmatism  influenced  developments  in  psychology, sociology, and  many  other schools and movements.【C12】________    political groups have also drawn【C13】________the assumptions of pragmatism, from the progressive movements of the early 20th century to later experiments in social reform.
    Pragmatism is best【C14】________in its historical and cultural context. It arose during the late 19th century, a period of rapid scientific advancement【C15】________by the theories of British biologist Charles Darwin, whose theories【C16】________to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a【C17】________state of progress. During this same period, a decline in【C18】________religious beliefs and values accompanied the industrialization and material progress of the time. In【C19】________, it became necessary to rethink【C20】________ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality.
【C2】
选项 A、discussing
B、predicting
C、assessing
D、questioning
答案C
解析 由前半句话可知，实用主义倡导在实践中检验观念和理论，因此可推知，要想检验观念和理论的正确性。就必须通过评估依据某些观点和理论是否能够产生理想或不理想的结果，故选C。
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