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  3. Tenants who don’t pay the rent are a bane of landlords everywhere. And landlords who use heavy tactics to enforce payment are si

Tenants who don’t pay the rent are a bane of landlords everywhere. And landlords who use heavy tactics to enforce payment are si

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问题     Tenants who don’t pay the rent are a bane of landlords everywhere. And landlords who use heavy tactics to enforce payment are similarly a bane of tenants. Nor are these problems confined to human beings. Property-owning cichlid fish seem as ruthless about receiving what they are owed as any 19th-century tenement holder in the Lower East Side of New York.
    The fish in question, Neolamprologus pulcher, inhabit Lake Tanganyika in east Africa. They are cooperative breeders, meaning that dominant individuals do the breeding and subordinates assist in various ways, in exchange for immediate survival-enhancing benefits that may lead to the ultimate prize of becoming dominant themselves. In the case of N. pulcher the main benefit is having somewhere to live. Dwellings, in the form of shelters dug out from sand under rocks, are controlled by dominant pairs. These dominants permit subordinates to share their accommodation, and those subordinates pay for the privilege by keeping the property in good repair and defending the dominants’ eggs and fry against predators.
    Though cooperative breeding by vertebrates has evolved several times, the question of how rental payments are enforced has never been definitively settled. The presumption is that dominants punish subordinate defaulters. But it is hard to prove, by observing wild animals, that this is what is happening.
    What was needed to clear the point up was an experiment. JanNaef and Michael Tabor sky of the University of Bern, in Switzerland, therefore acquired 96 specimens of N. pulcher and created menages of a pair of dominant landlords and a subordinate tenant in sand-bottomed aquaria.
    Left alone, the fish behaved much as they would have done in the wild, with the tenant doing the grunt work of maintaining the hollows in the sand, and good relations pertaining between all. However, if a tenant was prevented for a time from fulfilling its duties, by trapping it behind a partition inserted into the aquarium for that purpose, things changed. When the partition was removed, the landlords attacked it, and it showed a big increase in submissive behaviour for several minutes before things returned to normal.
    Whether similar treatment would be meted out for a failure to defend the landlords’ eggs has yet to be determined. When prevented by a partition from driving away predators, tenants were not subsequently on the receiving end of aggression from landlords—but since there were no eggs to defend at the time, that may not have been part of the contract. The predators in question are not a threat to adult specimens of N.pulcher, only to eggs and fry. It is nevertheless clear from Dr Naef’s and Dr Taborsky’s experiment that, for cichlids at least, the rent must be paid in a timely fashion, or punishment will be faced.
The subordinate N. pulchers assist dominate individuals to obtain________.
选项 A、delayed survival-enhancing benefits
B、the prize of finally becoming dominates
C、the privilege of sharing accommodation
D、offspring protection against predators
答案C
解析 根据题干的关键词assist dominate individuals可定位到文章第二段。第二段中从第三句到段尾都在谈论黄翅燕尾鱼得到的主要好处是有住的地方(In the case of N. pulcher the main benefit is having somewhere to live)，而为了有居住的地方，从属者要维护住所并保护支配者的卵和鱼苗(those subordinates pay for the privilege by keeping the property in good repair and defending the dominants’ eggs and fry against predators)，所以黄翅燕尾鱼协助支配者的目的就是为了换取使用住宅的好处，故C项为正确答案。第二段第二句提到的是从属个体以各种方式提供协助，以换取改善生存的直接利益(subordinates assist in various ways, in exchange for immediate survival-enhancing benefits)，选项A中的delayed和原文中的immediate意义相反，应排除；B项并非是从属黄翅燕尾鱼得到的直接利益，而是最终结果，应排除；由第二段最后一句可知，针对后代的安全维护是从属者为支配者提供的服务内容之一，选项D属于正反混淆，应排除。
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