首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was offered a patent. Franklin refused it, arguing in his a
In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was offered a patent. Franklin refused it, arguing in his a
admin
2016-11-09
69
问题
In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was offered a patent. Franklin refused it, arguing in his autobiography that because "we enjoyed great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours."
Most inventors are not as generous as the "Newton of Electricity": They want to turn their inventions into a profit. The patent system, which was developed independently in 15th-century Venice and then in 17th-century England, gave entrepreneurs a monopoly to sell their inventions for a number of years. Yet by the 1860s the patent system came under attack. Patents, critics argued, inhibited future creativity by allowing inventors to
rest on their laurels
. Recent economic research backs this up.
The pharmaceutical industry makes the best case for patents (and makes the most of patents when they are approved). Medical research and development (R&D) is costly. Moreover, although a patent application must be filed straight after a drug discovery, clinical trials necessary for drug approval may take several years. This shortens the effective life of the patent, which causes problems. In order to prove the efficacy of a drug, pharmaceuticals have to match the length of a clinical trial to the expected survival time of the patients. A clinical trial for patients with a spreading cancer lasts only three years compared to an 18-year-long trial for those suffering from a milder, localized cancer. Since a typical patent is in force for 20 years, firms only have two years of effective patent length left to commercialize a new drug against the localized cancer.
The data paint a gloomy picture. Pharmaceutical companies conduct 30 times more clinical trials for recurrent cancer drugs than for preventive drugs. They divert their R&D expenditures away from more curable, localized cancers and focus on incurable spreading and recurrent cancers instead. The patent system encourages pharmaceuticals to pump out drugs aimed at those who have almost no chance of surviving the cancer anyway. This patent distortion costs the U.S. economy around $89 billion a year in lost lives.
A one-size-fits-all patent system does not cater to the specifics of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. But tailoring patent law may encourage lobbying and corruption. A careful reform of the patent system is necessary: Complete abolition of patents will not be enough to save cancer patients’ lives.
The last paragraph implies that the current patent system________.
选项
A、must be abolished as soon as possible
B、seems perfect for pharmaceutical companies
C、has to be improved in a prudent manner
D、leads to corruption and crime
答案
C
解析
最后一段有几个关键词,包括a careful reform和complete abolition。这些文字说明改革当前的专利制度需谨慎行事,不能操之过急,完全废除也不能挽救患者的生命。
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/pUHO777K
0
研究生英语学位课统考(GET)
相关试题推荐
Whydopeoplealwayswanttogetupanddancewhentheyhearmusic?Theusualexplanationisthatthereissomethingembeddedin
Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinesses,institutions,andindividuals.Theinterne
Thepayrollregisterconstitutesthetreasurerdepartment’sauthoritytopaytheemployees.Paymentisusuallymadeintheform
Foranyonewhohasexperiencedanearthquake,theexperiencecanbefrighteningandtraumatic.Inadditiontothemovementofth
Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentary
Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide—thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(informati
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent—A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohav
Theboystudentsinthisschoolarenearly______asthegirlstudentstosaytheyintendtogetacollegedegreeinbusiness.
WhentheAconcentrationofcalciuminthebloodisBtoolow,theparathyroidglandsCbegantoDsecretethehormoneparathormone.
Mymomwouldratherputhonestyfirstinherhierarchyofvalues,whichisimportantforourgrowth.
随机试题
主动注意不易集中,注意的稳定性降低。属于【】
Today’spolicemeninlargecitiesthroughouttheworld【C1】______onmoderninventionstohelpthemintheirwork.Inmostplaces
下列有关动静脉畸形,叙述不恰当的是
心理评估常用的方法不包括
胰头癌最主要的临床表现是
沉陷缝填充材料的安装方法可分为()。
理财计划或产品包含的相关交易工具的风险主要有:()。
两年前甲的年龄是乙的两倍,五年前乙的年龄是丙的三分之一,丙今年11岁,问今年甲多少岁?()
孔子主张作为教师应具备的基本条件有哪些?
A、Tomakeaclaim.B、TomakeacomplaintC、Tobuyinsurance.D、Toshipsomeitems.A①选项都是不定式,故本题可能问目的或原因。②对话开头女士介绍自己是TotalInsur
最新回复
(
0
)