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  3. Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

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问题    Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
   The【C1】______view had gained many supporters, especially among【C2】______. But the careful use of small monetary rewards【C3】______creativity in grade-school children,【C4】______that properly presented inducements indeed aid【C5】______, according to a【C6】______in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
   "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can【C7】______on a relatively challenging task,【C8】______show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.
   "But it’s easy to【C9】______creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or【C10】______too much anticipation for rewards."
   A teacher who【C11】______draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement【C12】______up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds.【C13】______an example of the latter point, he notes【C14】______efforts at major universities to【C15】______grading standards and【C16】______failing grades.
   In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in【C17】______students handle【C18】______problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows【C19】______in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist【C20】______.
【C15】
选项 A、degrade
B、loosen
C、upgrade
D、tighten
答案D
解析 由上面的分析可知，此题要选择D，即tighten。upgrade是指使升级换代、提升产品质量或服务、给予更高的官方地位。
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