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  3. 【F1】All our reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded in a species of analogy which leads us to expect from any cause the

【F1】All our reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded in a species of analogy which leads us to expect from any cause the

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问题    【F1】All our reasonings concerning matter of fact are founded in a species of analogy which leads us to expect from any cause the same events which we have observed to result from similar causes. Where the causes are entirely similar, the analogy is perfect, and the inference drawn from it is regarded as certain and conclusive; nor does any man ever entertain a doubt, where he sees a piece of iron, that it will have weight and cohesion of parts as in all other instances which have ever fallen under his observation. 【F2】But where the objects have not so exact a similarity, the analogy is less perfect and the inference is less conclusive, though still it has some force, in proportion to the degree of similarity and resemblance.
   The anatomical observations formed upon one animal are, by this species of reasoning, extended to all animals; and it is certain that, when the circulation of the blood, for instance, is clearly proved to have place in one creature, as a frog or fish, it forms a strong assumption that the same principle has place in all. These analogical observations may be carried further; and any theory by which we explain the operations of the understanding or the origin and connection of the passions in man will acquire additional authority if we find that the same theory is necessary to explain the same phenomena in all other animals.
   It seems evident that animals, as well as men, learn many things from experience and infer that the same events will always follow from the same causes. 【F3】By this principle they become acquainted with the more obvious properties of external objects and gradually, from their birth, treasure up a knowledge of the nature of fire, water, earth, etc., and of the effects which result from their operation. 【F4】A horse that has been accustomed to the field becomes acquainted with the proper height which he can leap, and will never attempt what exceeds his force and ability. An old dog will trust the more fatiguing part of the chase to the younger and will place himself so as to meet the feeble hare.
   【F5】In all these cases we may observe that the animal infers some fact beyond what immediately strikes his senses, and that this inference is altogether founded on past experience. And the creature expects from the present object the same consequences which it has always found in its observation to result from similar objects.
【F5】
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答案通过这些案例我们可以看到，动物所推断出来的事实并非是由感官直接获得的，这些推断统统建立在过去经验上。
解析 ①本句是较复杂的复合句。由and连接两个并列的宾语从句，宾语从句l还包含了一个宾语从句。②谓语observe的宾语由两个并列从句组成：the animals infers…his senses和this inference is…past experience。表达分别是：动物所推断出来的事实和此推断建立在过去的经验上。③包含宾语从句的介宾短语beyond what…his senses作后置定语修饰fact，说明“事实超出了马上能知晓的范围”，strike one’s sense表示“由……感官感知”。④宾语从句2的this inference指代前面的animal infers some fact，表示动物推断事实的方式完全建立在过去的经验上。
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