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  3. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

admin2015-12-31  53
问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知 学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. "
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward______.
选项 A、the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B、the amount of monetary rewards for student’ creativity
C、the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
D、the effects of external rewards on students’ performance
答案D
解析 本题是个具体细节题。问在关于什么问题的态度上心理学家有分歧。根据文章第一段内容，来自外界的奖励，无论是热情的赞誉或是钞票，对学生的学习积极性和创造性究竟有什么影响，在这个问题上心理学家持有截然相反的观点。因此，本题的正确答案应是D“外界的奖励对学生的学习表现有什么影响”。
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