2. 考研
  3. Investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for s

Investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for s

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问题     Investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior.
    Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment; hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, any time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intra-group aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.
    Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.
    These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore see to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.
Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?
选项 A、A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.
B、A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it is cited.
C、Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.
D、Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.
答案A
解析 段落结构题。第二段第一句提出了一种假说(研究人员们起初相信，猴子们会为了环境中的任何资源而进行竞争；饥饿的猴子会为了食物而争夺，干渴的猴子会为了饮水而打架，并且，总的说来，每当多于一只猴子同时为了同样的刺激物而争夺时，争执便会发生，并最终以某种形式的斗争而解决。)；第二句以Southwick的研究成果为证据(evidence)对第一句提出的假说进行了否定；第三句对新的结论进行了总结。因此本题的正确答案应为A项“解释一种假说并陈述反方的论据”。
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