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  3. [A]Indeed, such collaborations at the institutional level must begin with stronger interaction between the offices that have ove

[A]Indeed, such collaborations at the institutional level must begin with stronger interaction between the offices that have ove

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问题    [A]Indeed, such collaborations at the institutional level must begin with stronger interaction between the offices that have oversight of research and international affairs. University research and international offices can partner on incentives and procedural changes(e.g. international travel awards, promotion and tenure guidelines that encourage outreach, etc.)as well as lobby federal agencies to provide more funding for multi-institutional collaborative projects. These offices can also help strategically map and forecast emerging research fields; identify gaps in expertise, instrumentation, and resources; find foreign partners that can complement institutional priorities and strengths, including sharing of high-technology equipment; facilitate interdisciplinary connections; and promote targeted domestic and international institutional, multi-disciplinary, and multilateral linkages.
   [B]For example, new generation influenza vaccines arose from collaborations between US and Japanese pharmaceutical companies;information technology and cybersecurity tools were developed by the US Department of Defense with international allies; and clean energy and low carbon technologies from joint work by a consortium of US and Chinese universities, national laboratories, and private sector companies.
   [C]In order for US research universities to remain competitive in today’s knowledge-and-innova-tion-driven global economy, it is essential to expand research and scholarly collaborations and forge partnerships internationally. In recent years, the value of international collaboration has been increasingly emphasized by federal agencies, including the National Science Foundation(NSF), which now encourages more cross-border cooperation in science, technology, and education.
   [D]The decrease in US-based global collaborations should concern our science and technology policymakers and institutional leaders. Such worldly partnerships are essential for producing the best science and remaining competitive in the global scientific community. Any one university cannot sustain broad expertise and infrastructure in all disciplinary areas. In addition to domestic collaborations, transnational partnerships can also provide opportunities for greater research synergies and complementarities. These collaborations also increase the breadth of scientific inquiry and have accelerated the commercialization of research around the globe.
   [E]Some universities already offer such services, and the support has resulted in new international research travel awards, targeted workshops, intra-institutional and transnational interdisciplinary collaborations. Clearly, new university organizational and operational instritutions that promote international collaboration can help advance research productivity and impact, and are needed to complement national and international initiatives.
   [F]However, the 2012 NSF report highlighted some concerns. As indicated in the report, two direct measures of international collaboration are coauthorship of research publications with foreign researchers and co-patents with foreign inventors. Over the past decade, the number of papers published by US researchers with international collaborators has remained relatively flat, increasing only at 1-2 percent each year. Furthermore, the total number of patents filed jointly under the Patent Cooperation Treaty by US and foreign inventors in 2010 was 5, 440, a 6 percent decrease over the previous 3 years.
   [G]Without a doubt, strong relationships between individual researchers are the most common and strongest indicator of productivity. Scientists identify colleagues with whom they would like to work, and these friendships translate into long-term collaborations, student exchanges, and scientific and creative outputs. For example, among WSU’s top 20 researchers, 16 have extensive international collaborations, with 32 percent of their peer-reviewed publications being internationally coauthored. But universities can also play a bigger role in promoting international research partnerships.
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答案D
解析 F项段末句指出，2010年美国发明家与国外发明家联合申请专利的总数比前三年“减少”了百分之六。D项段首句指出，由美国学者参与的全球合作项目的“减少”应该引起政策制定者和机构领导者的担忧。很明显，D项段落在针对F项段落所指出的“美国学术研究领域存在的问题”进行评论。其中，D项段首句中The decrease对应F项段末句中a 6 percent decrease，D项段首句US-based global collaborations对应F项段末句patents filed jointly…by US and foreign inventors。
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