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  3. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

admin2012-07-17  49
问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知 学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. "
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
选项 A、They have no doubts about them.
B、They have doubts about them.
C、They approve of them.
D、They avoid talking about them.
答案B
解析 本题是一道具体细节题。问许多教育工作者对待采用外界奖励有什么反应。利用查阅式阅读法，我们可以在文章第二段第一句话中找到相关信息。这句话指出，后一种观点赢得许多支持者，尤其是在教育工作者当中。也就是说，教育工作者支持后一种观点。而后一种观点是：由于奖励促使学生对别人的赞许和馈赠有依赖心理，奖励常常会破坏创造精神。也就是说，后一种观点不主张采用外界奖励刺激学生的积极性，对外界奖励持怀疑态度。所以，本题的正确答案应是B。
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