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  3. The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering the q

The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering the q

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问题    The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering the question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.
   Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. The struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
   Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable, although competition is.
In the animal kingdom the struggle for existence
选项 A、is evidence of the inevitability of conflict among the fittest.
B、arises from a need to live in groups.
C、is evidence of the need to compete for scarce resources.
D、arises from a natural desire to fight.
答案C
解析 动物王国中为生存的斗争，A说是表明了最适者之间冲突的不可避免性。这与第二段的“this struggle in nature is competition，not conflict”不符。B说是为了能在团体中生活，D说是出于一种自然的好斗欲望，这些在文中都没有提及。C说是为了获取匮乏的资源而竞争，这在第二段里有详细的说明：．．．but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals．
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