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  3. Every culture attempts to create a “universe of discourse” for its members, a way in which people can interpret their experience

Every culture attempts to create a “universe of discourse” for its members, a way in which people can interpret their experience

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问题     Every culture attempts to create a “universe of discourse” for its members, a way in which people can interpret their experience and convey it to one another. Without a common system of codifying sensations, life would be absurd and all efforts to share meanings doomed to failure. This universe of discourse — one of the most precious of all cultural legacies — is transmitted to each generation in part consciously and in part unconsciously. Parents and teachers give explicit instruction in it by praising or criticizing certain ways of dressing, of thinking, of gesturing, of responding to the acts of others. But the most significant aspects of any cultural code may be conveyed implicitly, not by rule or lesson but through modeling behavior. A child is surrounded by others who, through the mere consistency of their actions as males and females, mothers and fathers, salesclerks and policemen, display what is appropriate behavior. Thus the grammar of any culture is sent and received largely unconsciously, making one’s own cultural assumptions and biases difficult to recognize. They seem so obviously right that they require no explanation.
    In The Open and Closed Mind, Milton Rokeach poses the problem of cultural understanding in its simplest form, but one that can readily demonstrate the complication of communication between cultures. It is called the “Denny Doodlebug Problem”. Readers are given all the rules that govern this culture: Denny is an animal that always faces North, and can move only by jumping; he can jump large distances or small distances, but can change direction only after jumping four times in any direction; he can jump North, South, East or West, but not diagonally. Upon concluding a jump his master places some food three feet directly west of him. Surveying the situation, Denny concludes he must jump four times to reach the food. No more or less. And he is right. All the reader has to do is to explain the circumstances that make his conclusion correct.
    The large majority of people who attempt this problem fail to solve it, despite the fact that they are given all the rules that control behavior in this culture. If there is difficulty in getting inside the simplistic world of Denny Doodlebug — where the cultural code has already been broken and handed to us — imagine the complexity of comprehending behavior in societies whose codes have not yet been deciphered, and where even those who obey these codes are only vaguely aware and can rarely describe the underlying sources of their own actions.
By reading The Open and Closed Mind, we may
选项 A、find a way of solving the Denny Doodlebug problem.
B、realize how little we know about the complexity of human behavior.
C、bring to light codes of some societies which we didn’t know before.
D、be aware of the difficulties of communications between different cultures.
答案D
解析 推理判断题。根据题干中的 The Open and Closed Mind可知，本题是在考查对于这本书的理解。文章的第二段是对这本书的具体描述，第三段是对这本书的结论。结论提到“如果理解丹尼这个简单的例子都困难，那么…”。可见，作者是在让读者清醒地意识到理解不同文化之间的交流有困难，[D]表述正确，为答案。[A]项是对文章的肤浅理解，作者举例是为了引申出要论证的道理，而不是让读者找出所举例子的解决办法。[B]项里的complexity of human behavior不正确，这不是作者要讲述的重点；作者要讲述的是communications between different cultures。[C]项是对原文的错误理解，作者并没有向我们介绍我们所不知道的社会准则，只是举例论证了其复杂性。
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