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The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of the trust. The crucial time for its emerge

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问题     The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of the trust. The crucial time for its emergence is the first year of life. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept "sense of trust" is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child’s satisfying experiences at this early age. Or, to say it another way, this psychological formulation serves to condense, summarize, and synthesize the most important underlying changes, which give meaning to the infant’s concrete and diversified experience.
    Trust can exist only in relation to something. Consequently, a sense of trust cannot develop until infants are old enough to be aware of objects and persons and to have some feeling that they are separate individuals. At about 3 months of age, babies are likely to smile, if somebody comes close and talks to them. This shows that they are aware of the approach of the other person, that pleasurable sensations are aroused. If, however, the person moves too quickly or speaks too sharply, these babies may look and cry. They will not "trust" the unusual situation but will have a feeling of uneasiness, of mistrust, instead.
    Experience connected with feeding are a prime source for the development of trust. At around 4 months of age, a hungry baby will grow quiet and show signs of pleasure at the sound of an approaching footstep, anticipating(trusting)that he or she will be held and fed. This repeated experience of being hungry, seeing food, receiving food, and feeling relieved and comforted assures the baby that the world is a dependable place.
    Later experiences, starting at around 5 months of age, add another dimension to the sense of trust. Though endless repetitions of attempts to grasp for and hold objects, most babies are finally successful in controlling and adapting their movements in such a way as to reach their goal. Through these and other feats of muscular coordination, babies are gradually able to trust their own bodies to do their bidding.
    Studies of mentally-ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy. Similarly, it is a common finding of psychological and social investigators that individuals diagnosed as "psychopathic personalities" were so unloved in infancy that they have no reason to trust the human race and therefore, no feeling of responsibility toward their fellow human beings.
The passage mainly tells us that______.
选项 A、the sense of trust is the first part of healthy personality to be developed
B、the sense of trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality
C、trust can exist only in relation to other stages of growth
D、individuals with psychopathic personalities were usually unloved in infancy and have no sense of trust
答案B
解析 这是一道主旨题。文章第一段指出：最先发展的健康个性的要素就是信任感；信任感形成的关键时期是婴儿出生后的第一年：信任感旨在表达在这个早期阶段所有婴儿的满意体验的特有感受。第二段指出：信任感只有在与某东西有关联时才能够存在；一种信任感只有到婴儿大到足以知道物体和人时、他们对单独的个体有某些意识时才能够发展。第三段指出：与喂食有关的体验是信任感发展的一个主要源泉。第四段指出：稍后一些时候的体验为信任感增添了另外的因素。文章最后一段指出：研究以及观察显示，信任感是健康的个性中一种形成时期早、非常重要的要素。这说明，本文主要讲的是——信任感是健康个性中早期形成的重要因素。B说“信任感健康的个性中一种形成时期早、非常重要的要素”，这可以表达文章的主题。文章第一段第一句话说的是“最先发展的健康个性的要素就是信任感”，说明A不对；文中提到can exist only in relation to时是说“信任感只有在与某东西有关联时才能够存在”，并没有指出是与什么有关，所以C不对；文中提到psychopathic personalities时是说“被诊断为具有‘精神病态个性’的个体在幼年时期没有得到关爱，因此他们没有理由信赖人类，对他们的同胞也没有责任感，这是心理和社会调查人员的一个共同发现”，这只是文章最后一段提到的内容，不能表达文章的中心意思，所以D也不对。
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