2. 外语
  3. Babies’ Response For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babies, and other creatures learn to do things b

Babies’ Response For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babies, and other creatures learn to do things b

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问题                         Babies’ Response
    For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babies, and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards": and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it also used to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological(生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months old would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights, and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make three turns to one side.     Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights close, although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights that pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there existed a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and brought it under intentional control.
According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.
选项 A、are directly related to pleasure
B、will meet their physical needs
C、will bring them a feeling of success
D、will satisfy their curiosity
答案C
解析 本题考查考生对全文主旨的把握。考的是婴儿通常学做哪类事情。这类问题的答案一般在文章的开头。文章第一段指出过去被人们普遍接受的理论：婴儿和其他生物学做事情是为某些特定的“回报”，而且这种有效的回报，至少在早期，必定是与基本生理“驱动力”直接相关，比如口渴或者饥饿。换句话说，婴儿会为食物、饮料或某种身体上的舒适而学习，不会是为其他。第二段作者便明确提出自己的观点：婴儿学习某种行为，是为了获取成功，而不是为了“回报”。It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. 选项A和D文中未曾提及，选项B与作者观点相矛盾。所以，正确答案是C。
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