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  3. A key feature of quantum information science is the understanding that groups of two or more quantum objects can have sta

A key feature of quantum information science is the understanding that groups of two or more quantum objects can have sta

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问题             A key feature of quantum information science is the understanding that
       groups of two or more quantum objects can have states that are entangled, such
       that the members of an entangled collection of objects do not have their own
Line     individual quantum states, only the group as a whole. Although one can use the
(5)      mathematics of quantum theory to reason about entanglement, there is a great
       danger that the classical basis of our analogies will mislead us. Despite its
       strangeness, for a long time entanglement was regarded as a curiosity and was
       mostly ignored by physicists and this changed when Bell predicted and
       confirmed that entangled quantum systems exhibit behavior that is impossible in
(10)     a classical world-impossible even if one could change the laws of physics to try
       to emulate the quantum predictions within a classical framework of any sort.
       The idea that entanglement falls wholly outside the scope of classical physics
       prompted researchers to ask whether entanglement might be useful as a
       resource for solving information-processing problems in new ways.
(15)         Entanglement measures improve how researchers can analyze tasks such as
       quantum teleportation and algorithms on quantum-mechanical computers.
       Classical computation and communications have a well-developed assortment of
       error-correcting codes to protect information against the depredations of noise,
       an example being the repetition code. This scheme represents the bit 0 as a
(20)     string of three bits, 000, and the bit 1 as a string of three bits, 111. If the
       noise is relatively weak, it may sometimes flip one of the bits in a triplet,
       changing, for instance, 000 to 010, but it will flip two bits in a triplet far less
       often. Whenever we encounter 010 (or 100 or 001), we can be almost certain
       the correct value is 000, or 0.
(25)         Initially it appeared to be impossible to develop codes for quantum error
       correction because quantum mechanics forbids us from learning with certainty
       the unknown state of a quantum object-the obstacle, again, of trying to
       extract more than one bit from a quantum bit. One cannot examine each copy of
       a quantum bit and see that one copy must be discarded without altering each and
(30)     every copy in the process, and making the copies in the first place is nontrivial:
       quantum mechanics forbids taking an unknown quantum bit and reliably making
       a duplicate, a result known as the no-cloning theorem. Clever ideas developed
       independently by Shor showed quantum error correction can be performed
       without ever learning the states of the quantum bits or needing to clone them.
(35)     As with the triplet code, each value is represented by a set of quantum bits and
       it is as if one ran the triplet 010 through a circuit that could spot that the middle
       bit was different and flip it "sight unseen".
The author mentions "sight unseen" primarily in order to emphasize that Shor’s method
选项 A、does not allow for the cloning of a bit of quantum information that has not first been recognized
B、tends to be less reliable than classical information correction, because it is impossible to discern whether Shor’s is successful
C、has been accepted by physicists without much skeptical investigation
D、allows for a quantum correction where the individual states of quantum bits do not need to be reported.
E、quantum correction circuits tend to operate at random
答案D
解析
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