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In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcem

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问题     In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1)_____ could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2)_____, or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3)_____ in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher’s first action is called the (4)_____. The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5)_____ the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6)_____, the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)_____
    Some psychologists laid great (8)_____ on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9)_____ that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10)_____, if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are (11)_____ or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.
    Educational psychologists are, (12)_____, moving away from this simple, early (13)_____ of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14)_____ than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15)_____ the stimulus-response bond. It may (16)_____ confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17)_____ misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18)_____ may have the effect of increasing the learner’s confidence, backing up his previously (19)_____ knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20)_____ grasped.

选项 A、much
B、seldom
C、never
D、also
答案A
解析 语义衔接题。本句中的"指代前一句中提到的feedback。这里是说feedback的作用：确定先前学到的知识和与之相关的东西。根据常识可以判断，feedback(反馈)是带有评估性的东西，能够检验学习效果，因此这里应该填入much，表明在很大程度上能够检验学习效果。seldom意为"很少，不经常"，never意为"从未，决不"，如果是很少能够验证学习效果，或者根本验证不出，那么就没有反馈的必要，故排除这两项；also意为"而且，也"，这个词表示递进关系，这里没有递进关系的语境。
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考研英语一

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