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  3. Marriage emerged as the most popular institution throughout history primarily because it was an effective arrangement to improve

Marriage emerged as the most popular institution throughout history primarily because it was an effective arrangement to improve

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问题     Marriage emerged as the most popular institution throughout history primarily because it was an effective arrangement to improve the care and upbringing of children. Marriage is not necessary to have children, but it has been of enormous importance in the rearing of children.
    With the sharp declines in birth rates since 1970 in Western and other rich countries, including much larger fractions of adults who do not have any children, both men and women have significantly increased their ages at marriage, and sharply raised their tendencies to divorce. In 1950, a typical woman and man married at ages 20.3 and 22.8 respectively, whereas now the typical marital ages are 26. 0 and 27. 7. These changes in age at marriage are related to reduced demand for many children, increased college education of both men and women but especially of women, much greater labor force participation of married and divorced women, and the narrowing of the gender gap in earnings.
    The most important economic and social concerns due to low marriage rates are the effects on rearing of children. These effects are not due to lower marriage rates alone, but rather to the close connection between these low rates and high divorce rates, and to the greater tendency of women to have children without being married, or without living with the fathers of their children.
    Although many single mothers do an absolutely wonderful job in raising their children, common sense and most academic findings suggest that having a father present during the raising of children generally has a positive effect on the development of non-cognitive(非认知性)traits of children. These include a general respect for authority and reduced rebelliousness in school, and the avoidance of gangs and other criminal activities. It also appears that the absence of fathers has a greater effect on the non-cognitive traits of sons than daughters, although that is a less well-established finding.
    I am not claiming that children are worst off when their parents divorce if their parents were fighting a lot, or if they had abusive(粗暴的)fathers. Rather, it appears that up to a significant point, children are better off in intact families even when their families are not ideal.
Some findings suggest that raising children with a father present can______.
选项 A、urge children to follow all the rules in school
B、avoid children’s engagement in criminal activities
C、promote the development of children’s cognitive traits
D、have a greater effect on the non-cognitive traits of daughters
答案B
解析 事实细节题。本题考查父亲在孩子成长过程中的影响。第四段首句提到父亲在孩子成长过程中扮演重要的角色，接着在第二句详细交代了有哪些影响，其中包括B)“防止孩子参与犯罪活动”，故为答案。A)“敦促孩子遵守学校的所有规则”夸大了原文意思，原文只是说可以使孩子在学校时没那么叛逆，故排除；C)“促进孩子认知特性的发展”与原文意思相反，原文说的是非认知特性，故排除；D)“对女儿的非认知特性的发展影响更大”与原文意思相反，原文说的是对男孩影响可能会更大，故排除。
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