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  3. Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d

Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d

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问题     Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value.

    Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In a classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report the multiple emotions that were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
    Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression , as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. "
    What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters(神经传递素). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it.
We can know from the facial-feedback hypothesis that______.
选项 A、facial expressions can exert influence on emotions
B、an emotion will be intensified if outward signs of expressions are constrained
C、the relationship between emotions and facial expressions is monodirectional
D、there is no relationship between emotions and expressions at all
答案A
解析 推理判断题。第三段第三句指出面部反馈假说认为情感和面部表情之间的因果关系也可以是逆向的。由此推断面部表情可以影响情感，情感也可以影响人的面部表情，作用是双向的，故[A]正确，同时排除[C]、[D]项。最后一句说情感的外在自由表达会强化这种情感，[B]项与此意相反。
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