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  3. American higher education stands on the brink(边缘) of chaos. 1 have so many spent so long learning so little. The present cri

American higher education stands on the brink(边缘) of chaos. 1 have so many spent so long learning so little. The present cri

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问题     American higher education stands on the brink(边缘) of chaos. 1 have so many spent so long learning so little.
    The present crisis 2 the increasingly widespread acceptance among faculty and administrators of the fatal educational 3 that a student should not be required to do any academic work that 4 him. If a student prefers not to study science or history or literature, he is 5 to attain his degree without studying any science, history, or literature.
    Throughout the country the attempt is being 6 to provide students with what is advertised as a 7 education without requiring of them the necessary self-discipline and hard work. Students have been led to believe they can achieve _8_ effort, that all they need to do in order to obtain a good education is skip (跳跃) casually down the merry road to learning. Unfortunately, that road is no 9 a detour(绕路) to the dead end of ignorance.
    We must realize that becoming an educated person is a difficult, demanding 10 Just as anyone who spoke of intense 11 training as a continuous source of pleasure and delight would be thought a fool, for we all know how much pain and frustration such training involves, so anyone who speaks of intense mental 12 as a continuous source of joy and ecstasy ought to be thought 13 foolish, for such effort also involves pain and frustration. Of course, there can be joy in learning as there can be joy in sport. But in both cases the joy is a result of overcoming genuine 14 and cannot be experienced without sweat.
    And that he 15 well is no reason why he should not be criticized for an 16 performance. Such criticism, when well-founded and constructive, is 17 demeaning (有辱人格的). Yet criticism of any sort is _18_ nowadays. _19_student opinion is given greater arid greater 20 in the evaluation of faculty, professors are busy trying to ingratiate (迎合) themselves with the students.
选项 A、without
B、through
C、despite
D、by
答案A
解析 美国的教育原则使学生认为他们可以不通过努力就能有所成就，所以排除与文意相反的[B]through“通过”；[C]despite“尽管”，有让步含义，也不符合句意；[D]by通常不跟effort搭配，而常用through one’s effort“通过某人的努力”；因此选without“没有……”，表示“不用付出任何努力”。
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