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  3. （清华大学2008年试题） The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century a

（清华大学2008年试题） The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century a

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问题 （清华大学2008年试题）
    The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those【C1】______by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.
    To【C2】______the question of attribution requires the【C3】______of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on【C4】______maps or patterns of temperature change in【C5】______and in models. Pattern analysis is the cli-matologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned【C6】______, and makes it possible to achieve more definitive【C7】______of observed climate changes to a particular cause or causes.
    The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole【C8】______cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful【C9】______technique. The basic idea【C10】______pattern-based approaches is that different【C11】______causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to【C12】______a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change【C13】______by models and those actually observed.
    The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible【C14】______on global climate and that these activities will have an increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are【C15】______the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric【C16】______of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.
    Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the【C17】______of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the【C18】______of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the【C19】______of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climatic effects of these particles began only recently and the overall【C20】______is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.
【C14】
选项 A、modification
B、nomination
C、penetration
D、influence
答案D
解析 A意为“更改”；B意为“提名，任命”；C意为“渗透，突破”；D意为“影响”。
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