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  3. People find it hard to like businesses once they grow beyond a certain size. Banks that were "too big to fail" sparked a global

People find it hard to like businesses once they grow beyond a certain size. Banks that were "too big to fail" sparked a global

admin2018-06-06  73
问题     People find it hard to like businesses once they grow beyond a certain size. Banks that were "too big to fail" sparked a global economic crisis and burned bundles of taxpayers’ cash. Big retailers such as Walmart and Tesco squeeze suppliers and crush small rivals. Some big British firms minimise their tax bills so aggressively that they provoke outrage.
    It is shrewd politics to champion the little guy. But the popular fetish for small business is at odds with economic reality. Big firms are generally more productive, offer higher wages and pay more taxes than small ones. Economies dominated by small firms are often sluggish.
    Countries such as Greece, Italy and Portugal have lots of small firms which, thanks to cumbersome regulations, have failed lamentably to grow. Firms with at least 250 workers account for less than half the share of manufacturing jobs in these countries than they do in Germany, the euro zone’s strongest economy. For all the boosterism around small business, it is economies with lots of biggish companies that have been able to sustain the highest living standards.
    Big firms can reap economies of scale. A big factory uses far less cash and labour to make each car or steel pipe than a small workshop. Big supermarkets such as the villainous Walmart offer a wider range of high-quality goods at lower prices than any corner store. Size allows specialisation, which fosters innovation.
    Big firms have their flaws, of course. They can be slow to respond to customers’ needs, changing tastes or disruptive technology. To idolise big firms would be as unwise as to idolise small ones.
    Rather than focusing on size, policymakers should look at growth. One of the reasons why everyone loves small firms is that they create more jobs than big ones. But many small businesses stay small indefinitely. The link between small firms and jobs growth relies entirely on new start-ups, which are usually small, and which by definition create new jobs (as they did not previously exist).
    Rather than spooning out subsidies and regulatory favours to small firms, governments should concentrate on removing barriers to expansion. In parts of Europe, for example, small firms are exempted from the most burdensome social regulations. This gives them an incentive to stay small. Far better to repeal burdensome rules for all firms. The same goes for differential tax rates, such as Britain’s, and the separate bureaucracy America maintains to deal with small businesses. In a healthy economy, entrepreneurs with ideas can easily start companies, the best of which grow fast and the worst of which are quickly swept aside. Size doesn’t matter.  Growth does.
What does the word "This" (Line 3, Para. 7) most probably refer to?
选项 A、To get allowance offered by governments.
B、To enjoy special preferential policies.
C、To be exempted from the most burdensome social rules.
D、To have differential tax rates.
答案C
解析 推理判断题。由题干定位到第七段第三句This gives them an incentive to stay small，“这”指代的是上一句中“例如在欧洲的部分国家，免除了小型公司最繁重的社会法规”因此可以判断C项符合题意。第七段第一句提到“政府应该集中精力于清除扩张的壁垒，而不是向小型企业提供补贴或监管优惠政策”，故排除A项和B项；第七段第五句指出“废除像英国那样的差别税率”，这也是指政府应该集中精力做的事情，由此排除D项。
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