首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14~26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Change in
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14~26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Change in
admin
2015-01-05
58
问题
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14~26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Change in business organisations
A The forces that operate to bring about change in organisations can be thought of as winds which are many and varied—from small summer breezes that merely disturb a few papers, to mighty howling gales which cause devastation to structures and operations, causing consequent reorientation of purpose and rebuilding. Sometimes, however, the winds die down to give periods of relative calm, periods of relative organisational stability. Such a period was the agricultural age, which Goodman(1995)maintains prevailed in Europe and western societies as a whole until the early 1700s. During this period, wealth was created in the context of an agriculturally based society influenced mainly by local markets(both customer and labour)and factors outside people’s control, such as the weather. During this time, people could fairly well predict the cycle of activities required to maintain life, even if that life might be at little more than subsistence level.
B To maintain the meteorological metaphor, stronger winds of change blew to bring in the Industrial Revolution and the industrial age. Again, according to Goodman, this lasted for a long time, until around 1945. It was characterised by a series of inventions and innovations that reduced the number of people needed to work the land and, in turn, provided the means of production of hitherto rarely obtainable goods; for organisations, supplying these in ever increasing numbers became the aim. To a large extent, demand and supply were predictable, enabling companies to structure their organisations along what Burns and Stalker(1966)described as mechanistic lines, that is as systems of strict hierarchical structures and firm means of control.
C This situation prevailed for some time, with demand still coming mainly from the domestic market and organisations striving to fill the ’supply gap’. Thus the most disturbing environmental influence on organisations of this time was the demand for products, which outstripped supply. The saying attributed to Henry Ford that ’You can have any colour of car so long as it is black’, gives a flavour of the supply-led state of the market. Apart from any technical difficulties of producing different colours of car, Ford did not have to worry about customers’ colour preferences: he could sell all that he made. Organisations of this period can be regarded as ’task-oriented’, with effort being put into increasing production through more effective and efficient production processes.
D As time passed, this favourable period for organisations began to decline. In the neo-industrial age, people became more discriminating in the goods and services they wished to buy and, as technological advancements brought about increased productivity, supply overtook demand. Companies began, increasingly, to look abroad for additional markets.
E At the same time, organisations faced more intensive competition from abroad for their own products and services. In the West, this development was accompanied by a shift in focus from manufacturing to service, whether this merely added value to manufactured products, or whether it was service in its own right. In the neo-industrial age of western countries, the emphasis moved towards adding value to goods and services—what Goodman calls the value-oriented time, as contrasted with the task-oriented and products/services-oriented times of the past.
F Today, in the post-industrial age, most people agree that organisational life is becoming ever more uncertain, as the pace of change quickens and the future becomes less predictable. Writing in 1999, Nadler and Tushman, two US academics, said: ’Poised on the eve of the next century, we are witnessing a profound transformation in the very nature of our business organisations. Historic forces have converged to fundamentally reshape the scope, strategies, and structures of large enterprises.’ At a less general level of analysis, Graeme Leach, Chief Economist at the British Institute of Directors, claimed in the Guardian newspaper(2000)that: ’By 2020, the nine-to-five rat race will be extinct and present levels of self-employment, commuting and technology use, as well as age and sex gaps, will have changed beyond recognition.’ According to the article, Leach anticipates that: ’In 20 years time, 20-25 percent of the workforce will be temporary workers and many more will be flexible, ...25 percent of people will no longer work in a traditional office and ... 50 percent will work from home in some form.’ Continuing to use the ’winds of change’ metaphor, the expectation is of damaging gale-force winds bringing the need for rebuilding that takes the opportunity to incorporate new ideas and ways of doing things.
G Whether all this will happen is arguable. Forecasting the future is always fraught with difficulties. For instance, Mannermann(1998)sees future studies as part art and part science and notes: ’The future is full of surprises, uncertainty, trends and trend breaks, irrationality and rationality, and it is changing and escaping from our hands as time goes by. It is also the result of actions made by innumerable more or less powerful forces.’ What seems certain is that the organisational world is changing at a fast rate - even if the direction of change is not always predictable. Consequently, it is crucial that organisational managers and decision makers are aware of, and able to analyse the factors which trigger organisational change.
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has SEVEN paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G.
the description of an era notable for the relative absence of change
选项
答案
A
解析
PARAGRAPH A describes the agricultural age which was one of’relative organisational stability.’
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/gNNO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
A、Theinfluenceofvolcaniceruptionsonglobalweatherpatternsisalmostcompletelyunderstoodatpresent.B、Scientistshaveo
Diseaseisafluidconceptinfluencedbysocietalandculturalattitudesthatchangediachronicallyinresponsetonewsc
BeforeGibson,populardiscoursesurroundingtheInformationAgeoftendepictedthecurrenteraasoneinwhichadvanced
Jargon______academicpublications,aswritersseekto______thefactthattheyhavescarceoriginalityandscantinsight.
SUMMARY:
Akeyfeatureofquantuminformationscienceistheunderstandingthatgroupsoftwoormorequantumobjectscanhavesta
Inherstartlinglyoriginalwriting,shewentfurtherthananyothertwentieth-centuryauthorinEnglish(perhapsinanylanguage
Cathedralsusuallytakedecades,evencenturies,tocomplete;thus,nooneexpectedtheNationalCathedraltobebuiltwith_____
IdentifyingLusiaCapetilloonlywiththeearlylaborunionmovementinPuertoRico(i)______the(ii)______natureofhercareer
Despitehisbrilliantcareer,Geraldwasplaguedbydoubtsandcouldnot(i)______hisfeelingof(ii)______.
随机试题
(2019年德州经开区)学生思想品德的形成和发展有其思想内部矛盾运动规律,这反映的德育原则是()
简述推销活动分析的程序。
A、烈日曝晒或强烈热辐射作用头部,引起脑组织充血、水肿B、大量出汗后口渴,而饮水过多,引起脑组织水肿C、大量出汗后口渴,而饮水过多,盐分补充不足,感觉四肢无力D、大量出汗导致失水、失钠,血容量不足而致周围循环衰竭E、
抗生素类药物常用微生物测定法测定其效价,其特点是:
学校发生食物中毒后,县以上卫生行政部门应在多长时间报告卫生部
活性甲基的供体是
病毒性肝炎肝细胞气球样变的病理改变是()
木结构工程各专业工种之间应进行交接检验,未经()检查认可,不得进行下道工序施工。
石蚕幼虫和蜻蜓幼虫等可以作为()的指示性生物。
在学生管理的关系数据库中,存取一个学生信息的数据单位是
最新回复
(
0
)