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  3. In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically

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问题    In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called " classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’ s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
   The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning". This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles (拥抱) him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from his mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.
   Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, and cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
In the third paragraph, the author is______.
选项 A、discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
B、talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C、concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
D、using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
答案D
解析 通读第三段可知，作者举例说明，当一个人对我们好时，我们就会将这 个人与积极的感觉联系在一起，当一个人对我们不好时，我们就会将这个人与消极的 感觉联系在一起。由此可推知，第三段所举例子都是为了进一步说明经典性条件反 射产生的学习。故选D。
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