2. 考研
  3. In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G

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问题 In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.
    Many animal species are "cultural" in the sense that individuals acquire important behaviors and skills from groupmates via social learning. Thus, whales socially learn some hunting techniques from others, capuchin monkeys socially learn some grooming-type behaviors from others, and chimpanzees acquire the use of some tools by observing the tool-use activities of others in their social group.
    But human culture is clearly different. Nonhuman primate(and other animal)culture is essentially individualistic, or maybe even exploitative. 【R1】______.
    In contrast, human culture and cultural transmission are fundamentally cooperative. Synchronically, humans engage in much more cooperative behavior in terms of such things as collaborative problem solving and cooperative communication. Moreover, human individuals live in a world in which the group expects them to conform to its particular conventions and social norms or else! 【R2】______.
    Diachronically, this cooperative way of living translates into established members of the group teaching things to youngsters, who not only learn but actively conform. 【R3】______. The result is human handicrafts and symbol systems with "histories," so-called cumulative cultural evolution.
    Underlying humans’ uniquely cooperative lifeways and modes of cultural transmission are a set of species-unique social-cognitive processes, which we may refer to collectively as skills and motivations for shared intentionality. 【R4】______. Skills and motivations of shared intentionality arose as part of a coevolutionary process in which humans evolved species-unique ways of operating, indeed cooperating, within their own self-built cultural worlds.
    It must be emphasized that the evolutionary dimension of culture highlighted here is clearly only one aspect of the process. 【R5】______. Human cognitive and motivational adaptations for culture are simply psychological enabling conditions for the generation and maintenance of the specific cultural handicrafts and practices created by specific cultural groups — which, by all appearances, are endlessly creative.
[A]Teaching and conformity are main contributors to the stability of cultural practices in a group and precisely because of this stability — to the unique ways in which human cultural practices develop in complexity over historical time.
[B]That is to say, when a chimpanzee individual observes another using a tool and then learns something that facilitates her own use, she is simply gathering information that is useful to her - much as she might gather information from the inanimate world. The one being observed may not even know that the observer is gathering information from her actions.
[C]Moreover, in experimental studies using, for example, the ultimatum game, humans in all cultures show some kinds of social norms in distributing resources, whereas chimpanzees in an ultimatum game behave in an almost totally self-centered manner.
[D]The result is a society structured by cooperatively created and enforced conventions and norms for how to behave as one of "us", resulting ultimately in rule-governed social institutions.
[E]The specific cultural practices and products generated by individuals interacting with one another in cultural groups - everything from specific linguistic constructions to techniques for building kayaks or skyscrapers — can in no way be reduced to biology.
[F]The ultimate outcome of social norms in human groups is the creation of social institutions, whose existence is constituted by the collective agreement of all group members that things should be done in a particular way.
[G]These involve such things as the ability and motivation to form shared goals and intentions with others in collaborative activities, and the ability and motivation to share experience with others via joint attention, cooperative communication, and teaching.
【R5】
选项
答案E
解析 空格上文指出，本文所涉及的进化角度只是文化共演化过程的一个方面。这说明作者认为，一个社会的文化所涉内容比较复杂，可从多个角度加以考察，而不局限于本文的进化视角。空格下文指出，人类对文化的认知和动机适应只是创造和保存文化的心理条件。[E]选项首先承接上文，进一步阐述首句观点：个体在文化群落中互相交流所创造的文化习俗和产品绝不能被简化为生物学问题。其中，can in no way be reduced to对应上文only one aspect off biology对应the evolution—ary dimension。其次，[E]选项为下文的转折收篇做好准备，由can in no way be reduced to biology转至are simply psychological enabling conditions。
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