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  3. Rain forest structure is distinct from most other forest types because of its many layers of vegetation, referred to as strata.

Rain forest structure is distinct from most other forest types because of its many layers of vegetation, referred to as strata.

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问题    Rain forest structure is distinct from most other forest types because of its many layers of vegetation, referred to as strata. The lowest stratum is the understory, composed of palms, herbaceous plants(such as wild ginger), and tree seedlings and saplings. 【R1】______Many have deep red coloring on the underside of their leaves to capture some of the scarce light that does manage to reach the forest understory. This red coloring enables understory plants to absorb light of different wavelengths than do the plants with rich, green-foliaged canopy, the umbrella-shaped upper structure of trees. Above the forest floor but below the canopy are one or more midstory strata, made up of woody plants, such as large shrubs and midsized trees.
   The overstory is the canopy, in which the tree crowns form a continuous layer that captures the major part of the rainwater and sunlight hitting the forest. The height of the canopy varies from region to region and forest to forest, ranging from 20 to 50 m(65 to 165 ft). 【R2】______Researchers use hot air balloons, cables, catwalks, towers, sophisticated tree-climbing gear, and even robots to study the millions of plants and animals that make their home high up in the forest canopy. Canopy researchers also use huge cranes that are dropped into the heart of the forest by helicopters. Suspended from the crane’ s long, movable arm is a large cabin that functions as a mobile treetop laboratory. Moving from tree to tree, forest researchers collect specimens, conduct experiments, and observe life in the canopy frontier.
   The highest stratum of the rain forest is made up of the emergent trees, those individuals that stick up above the forest canopy. Emergents, which do not form a continuous layer, are usually the giants of the forest , reaching heights of 35 to 70 m(115 to 230 ft)or more, and trunk sizes of over 2 m(6.6 ft)in diameter.
   【R3】______However, these trees tend to be so large that they collectively account for the vast majority of the woody mass, or biomass, of the forest.
   The nicely ordered strata of the rain forest, including the continuous layer of the canopy, are regularly disturbed by naturally occurring events, such as falling trees. Trees in a rain forest canopy are often interconnected by vines, and a falling tree may pull as well as push other trees down with it, producing a domino effect of falling trees. The resulting opening in the forest canopy enables light to pour onto the forest floor. 【R4】______
   Other natural disturbances create even larger openings in the forest canopies. For example, along the hurricane belt in the Caribbean and the typhoon belt along the western Pacific, some forests are substantially altered when high winds and storms blow down hundreds of trees every few decades. 【R5】______
   Scientists have found that these natural disturbances and the subsequent forest regeneration are a vital process that leads to healthy and diverse forests.
   [A]New plants and animals then move into the area and begin to grow.
   [B]Just 2 percent of the sunlight goes through the many layers of leaves and branches above, so understory plant species have developed special traits to cope with low light levels.
   [C]On a smaller scale, large mammals, such as elephants, regularly destroy rain forest vegetation in the Congo River Basin in Africa.
   [D]An understory of shorter trees and a lacework of woody vines, or lianas, produce a forest of such complex internal architecture that many animals, including some sizable ones, rarely or never descend to the ground
   [E]Less than one percent of the trees in the forest reside in the canopy and emergent layers.
   [F]Because more light penetrates the canopy, however, the vegetation of the understory and forest floor is better developed than in the tropics.
   [G]The rich, green canopy is teeming with life, and forest researchers have developed ingenious methods for accessing this mysterious ecosystem.
【R4】
选项
答案A
解析 本题空格出现在第四段末。上文介绍了雨林中连续的树层可能遭到的破坏及影响。下文即第五段首句提到．其他的自然干扰会造成冠层更大的空隙。由此可知，上下文论述的是自然干扰对树层的影响。根据段落一致原则，空格处应延续上文的内容。A项中the area指代上文中the forest floor，故A项能和上文衔接，为正确答案。C项有一定的干扰性，其中destroy一词与上文disturb呼应，但是从内容看，“非洲刚果河盆地的热带雨林植被”无法与上文“连续的树冠层”衔接。D项虽然重现了上文的词语vines，但其内容与上下文毫无关联。F项干扰性最大，其中从句“由于更多的阳光穿透森林冠层”与上文衔接非常紧密，但是主句内容与上下文都无法衔接，而且出现了新信息“in the tropics”。因此，可以排除C、D、F项。
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