首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Hew Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinte
"Hew Women of the Ice Age" The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinte
admin
2018-07-24
94
问题
"Hew Women of the Ice Age"
The status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinterpretation of the Paleolithic past centers on new views of the role of women in the food-foraging economy. Amassing critical and previously overlooked evidence from Dolni Vestonice and the neighboring site of Pavlov, researchers Olga Soffer, James Adovasio, and David Hyland now propose that human survival there had little to do with men hurling spears at big-game animals. Instead, observes Softer, one of the world’s leading authorities on Ice Age hunters and gatherers and an archeologist at the University of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana, it depended largely on women, plants, and a technique of hunting previously invisible in the archeological evidence—net hunting. "This is not the image we’ve always had of Upper Paleolithic macho guys out killing animals up close and personal," Softer explains. "Net hunting is communal, and it involves the labor of children and women. And this has lots of implications."
Many of these implications make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions about the focus of previous studies. European archeologists have long concentrated on analyzing broken stone tools and butchered big-game bones, the most plentiful and best preserved relics of the Upper Paleolithic era (which stretched from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago). From these analyses, researchers have developed theories about how these societies once hunted and gathered food. Most researchers ruled out the possibility of women hunters for biological reasons. Adult females, they reasoned, had to devote themselves to breast-feeding and tending infants. "Human babies have always been immature and dependent," says Softer. "If women are the people who are always involved with biological reproduction and the rearing of the young, then that is going to constrain their behavior. They have to provision that child. For fathers, provisioning is optional."
To test theories about Upper Paleolithic life, researchers looked to ethnography, the scientific description of modern and historical cultural groups. While the lives of modern hunters do not exactly duplicate those of ancient hunters, they supply valuable clues to universal human behavior. In many historical societies, Softer observes, women played a key part in net hunting, since the technique did not call for brute strength nor did it place young mothers in physical peril. Among Australian Aborigines, for example, women as well as men knotted the mesh, laboring for as much as two or three years on a fine net. Among Native American groups, they helped lay out their handiwork on poles across a valley floor. Then the entire camp joined forces as beaters. Fanning out across the valley, men, women, and children alike shouted and screamed, flushing out game and driving it in the direction of the net. "Everybody and their mother could participate," says Softer. "Some people were beating, others were screaming or holding the net. And once you got the net on these animals, they were immobilized. You didn’t need brute force. You could club them, hit them any old way."
People seldom returned home empty-handed. Researchers living among the net hunting Mbuti in the forests of the Congo report that they capture game every time they lay out their woven traps, scooping up 50 percent of the animals encountered. "Nets are a far more valued item in their panoply of food-producing things than bows and arrows are," says Adovasio. So lethal are these traps that the Mbuti generally rack up more meat than they can consume, trading the surplus with neighbors. Other net hunters traditionally smoked or dried their catch and stored it for leaner times.
A Softer doubts that the inhabitants of Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov were the only net makers in Ice Age Europe. B Camps stretching from Germany to Russia are littered with a notable abundance of small-game bones, from hares to birds like ptarmigan. And at least some of their inhabitants whittled bone tools that look much like the awls and net spacers favored by historical net makers. C
Although the full range of their activities is unlikely ever to be known for certain, there is good reason to believe that Ice Age women played a host of powerful roles. D And the research that suggests those roles is rapidly changing our mental images of the past. For Softer and others, these are exciting times.
The word implications in the passage is closest in meaning to
选项
A、defects
B、advantages
C、suggestions
D、controversies
答案
C
解析
In this passage, suggestions is a synonym for "implications." Context comes from the clause "they raise serious questions" in the same sentence.
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/ZRfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.SavingthejuniperplantBackgroundManyofthebus
WhatdidPhoebefinddifficultaboutthedifferentresearchtechniquessheused?ChooseFIVEanswersfromtheboxandwritethe
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer.DRIVINGSCHOOLExampleAnswerLookingfordrivingless
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOthingsmakethemuseumunusual?AtheguidesBtheeventsCtheanimalsDthebuildingsEthe
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.WhatdoesJimthinkaboutthedifferenceamongspeciesinnaturalandartificiallight?
Whatproblemisidentifiedwitheachofthefollowingnaturaldyes?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.Whatkindofenergy-savingmethodisJillgoingtotakenext?
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.WhatdifficultydoesJillhavewiththeenergymeters?
CreatingartificialgillsBackgroundTakinginoxygen;mammals—lungs;fish—gillsLong-helddreams—humansswimming
Pheromonesaresubstancesthatserveaschemicalsignalsbetweenmembersofthe samespecies.Theyaresecretedtot
随机试题
A.FeB.维生素AC.维生素DD.CaE.维生素C缺少()会导致佝偻病
患儿女,1岁。细菌性肺炎入院,目前患儿烦躁不安、呼吸困难。医嘱:吸氧。适宜该患儿的吸氧方式为
根据西方国家银行业发展的经验,从根本上保证银行业从业人员在专业上胜任本职工作,从而为银行稳健经营打下良好基础的制度是()。
盘盈的存货经批准后应冲减()。
(2010年真题)某出版社的传记类图书已在同类产品中占有相当地位,但也面临着众多竞争者。该社要保持该类产品的优势地位,宜采用()策略。
企业劳动争议的协商的特征包括()。
简述心理发展的阶段性。
下列哪种数据库系统更适合于在大、中型计算机系统上使用?
在考生文件夹下,打开文档WORD1.docx,按照要求完成下列操作并以该文件名(WORD1.docx)保存文档。【文档开始】新型硬盘借口——串行ATA及UltraATA133随着硬
Readthefollowingad.Inmostofthelines(41-52),thereisoneextraword.Iteitherisgrammaticallyincorrectordoesno
最新回复
(
0
)