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  3. There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies

There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies

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问题    There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics? It is easy to be misled in this respect. Much of our social behavior is automatic. Some may be instinctive, that is, organically determined. Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that’ we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. Thus, a critical examination of what is generally valid for all humanity and what is specifically valid for different cultural types comes to be a matter of great concern to students of society. This is one of the problems that induces us to lay particular stress upon the study of cultures that are historically as little as possible related to our own. Their Study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only.
   Another vista opens if we ask ourselves whether the characteristics of human society are even more widely distributed and found also in the animal world. Relations of individuals or of groups of individuals may be looked at from three points of view; relations to the organic and inorganic outer world, relations among members of the same social group, and what, for lack of a better term, may be designated as subjectively conditioned relations. I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities, as good or bad, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, purposive or causally determined. Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. The relations of members among the same social group include the relation of sexes, habits of forming social groups and their forms. Obviously, these phases of human life are shared by animals. Their food requirements are biologically determined and adjusted to the geographical environment in which they live. Acquisition and storage of food are found among animals as well as in man. The need of protection against climate and enemies is also operative in animal society, and adjustment to these needs in the form of nests or dens is common. No less are the relations between members of social groups present in animal life, for animal societies of varied structure occur. It appears, therefore, that a considerable field of social phenomena does not by any means belong to man alone but is shared by the animal world, and the questions must be asked: what traits are common to human and animal societies?
From the definitions of the three points of view, according to the passage, we can infer that ______.
选项 A、conditioned relations are acquired
B、relations to the organic and inorganic outer world are instinctive
C、relations among members of the same social group are learned
D、all of the above
答案D
解析
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