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  3. In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of wandering teachers, began to teach in Athens. The Sophists claimed that they could teac

In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of wandering teachers, began to teach in Athens. The Sophists claimed that they could teac

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问题     In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of wandering teachers, began to teach in Athens. The Sophists claimed that they could teach any subject or skill to anyone who wished to learn it. They specialized in teaching grammar, logic, and rhetoric, subjects that eventually formed the core of the liberal arts. The Sophists were more interested in preparing their students to argue persuasively and win arguments than in teaching principles of truth and morality.
    Unlike the Sophists, the Greek philosopher Socrates sought to discover and teach universal principles of truth, beauty, and goodness. Socrates, who died in 399 BC, claimed that true knowledge existed within everyone and needed to be brought to consciousness. His educational method, called the Socratic method, consisted of asking probing questions that forced his students to think deeply about the meaning of life, truth, and justice.
    In 387 BC Plato, who had studied under Socrates, established a school in Athens called the Academy. Plato believed in an unchanging world of perfect ideas or universal concepts. He asserted that since true knowledge is the same in every place at every time, education, like truth, should be unchanging. Plato described his educational ideal in The Republic, one of the most notable works of Western philosophy. Plato’ s Republic describes a model society, or republic, ruled by highly intelligent philosopher-kings. Warriors make up the republic’ s second class of people. The lowest class, the workers, provide food and other products for all the people of the republic. In Plato’ s ideal educational system, each class would receive a different kind of instruction to prepare for their various roles in society.
    In 335 BC Plato’ s student, Aristotle, founded his own school in Athens called the Lyceum. Believing that human beings are essentially rational, Aristotle thought people could discover natural laws that governed the universe and then follow these laws in their lives. He also concluded that educated people who used reason to make decisions would lead a life of moderation in which they avoided dangerous extremes.
    In the 4 th century BC Greek orator Isocrates developed a method of education designed to prepare students to be competent orators who could serve as government officials. Isocrates’ s students studied rhetoric, politics, ethics, and history. They examined model orations and practiced public speaking. Isocrates’ s methods of education directly influenced such Roman educational theorists as Cicero and Quintilian.
Plato held that a perfect society should be one marked, among other things, by
选项 A、equality and freedom.
B、democracy and liberality.
C、intellect and hierarchy.
D、evolution and flexibility.
答案C
解析 该题为推理题。由第三段第5～8句“Plato’s Republicdescribes a model society，or republic，ruled by highly intelligentphilosopher—kings…each class would receive a different kind of in—struction to prepare for their various roles in society．”可知，柏拉图的《理想国》描述了一个由极具智慧的哲学王统治的理想社会，这个社会等级分明，每个阶层都会接受其独特的教育，以便为了他们各自的社会角色做好准备，由此可以推断，柏拉图所认为的理想社会应以智力差异和等级制度为显著特点，故选C。
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